Ukusabela qualitative

Lokhu legatsha wesayensi utho lomklamo, etadisha Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo chemical. Isetshenziselwa ekutadisheni compounds engaziwa noma Izingxube. ukuhlaziywa qualitative ukucacisa khona noma ukungabi khona izakhi noma ezizivelelayo ku kwakwakhe zamakhemikhali, kanye nokuhlaziywa ambalwa kuhlanganisa ukunqunywa kwendlela ikhemikhali e isampuli, okungukuthi, inani izingxenye akha ingxube. Ukuze ukuhlaziywa qualitative izici ukusetshenziswa izakhi athile zamakhemikhali eziningi kakhulu kulula ukwenza. ukuhlolwa qualitative uvumele okwashiwo imiphumela kulindeleke noma ukungabi nabo.

ithempulethi yengqikithi ethuthuka izindlela entsha ethuthukisiwe nokuhlaziya isicelo kwabo okuwusizo, kanye ekutadisheni izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo izinqubo kohlaziyo. Labo abanamakhono izindlela siqu zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba futhi physico-chemical sokuhlaziya. Ngesikhathi enhliziyweni abaningi babo bangabantu ukusabela qualitative asetshenziselwa uzingela radicals, futhi izakhi futhi kuhlanganisa kufakwe yokwakheka amasampula. Ukuze ukufunda qualitative ukwakheka ambalwa asetshenziselwa:

• ukuhlaziywa zokucathula (kunqunywa Ukwakheka zokucathula);
• ukuhlaziywa yamangqamuzana (esabekwa isakhiwo zamakhemikhali phezu mangqamuzana);
• kuphinyiswa kwemisindvo (uhlobo ukuhlaziywa yamangqamuzana, liphenya isakhiwo kwezendawo ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane, abo isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye ifomula enokwehla);
• ukuhlaziywa obusebenzayo (organic compounds ufundwa amaqembu obusebenzayo).

Ngakho, kungashiwo neyaziwayo kokubili compounds wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. Ephambi kwezinduna yezici ezithile kungase kubonakale noma anyamalale coloration ezikhishwe noma ziyoncibilika kwenze waphawula effervescence nabanye. Uma izinga ukusabela zikhethwa kahle, isb abakhethayo (abakhethayo) okwesikhathi seka ethile noma anion, kanye iyashesha ukuzwela (ngamanye amazwi, embundwini ukuthola ivumela esincane), umphumela kuzoba yi okunokwethenjelwa - isiphelo sesimiso khona noma ukungabi khona esitokisini isampula noma izidakamizwa . Ngesisekelo le Assay izixazululo aqueous of ionic ukuphendula aziwayo qualitative.

Ukuze compounds wezinto ezingaphili, ngokuvamile zenzeka izixazululo aqueous, kodwa endabeni alikhali metal cations ukuthola Kwenziwa lapho wenza nosawoti elomile isilinganiso (ezishisayo) ingxenye umoya isibani ilangabi. I cations ka lithium (Li +) imibala ilangabi e-pink umbala omnyama. potassium cations (K +) - a violet, sodium (Na +) - ophuzi, rubidium (RB +) - obomvu, cesium (Cs +) - ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Qualitative ukuphendula cations esiyolandelwa ngoba barium yombala nosawoti: khona barium yombala cations (Ba2 +) isethwe ngokwengeza reagent ukuze sulfate ion (SO42-), kusukela okuholela barium yombala sulfate ukugqashuka nombala omhlophe, okungadingi chaza acid: Ba2 + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Kumiswa Ubukhona seka phambili (Pb2 +) wathola lapho zihlatshwa aqueous kasawoti sulfide (S2-), ngenxa sulfide phambili, okuyinto kusheshisa njengoba kwenze black: Pb2 + S2- → PBS ↓. Zindlela ezingafani qualitative owaziwa, kokubili cations futhi anions eziningi, futhi zichazwe Analytical Chemistry.

Lapho ekhetha impendulo eliphezulu ekuhlolweni isampula, kuyasiza ukwazi imithetho jikelele we solubility of zamakhemikhali:

1. Zonke nitrate kukhona encibilikayo.
2. Cishe zonke-potassium, i-sodium ne-ammonium nosawoti kukhona encibilikayo.
3. Zonke chloride, bromides futhi iodides kukhona encibilikayo, ngaphandle esiliva halide mercury (I) kanye PB (II).
4. Zonke sulfate encibilikayo, ngaphandle barium yombala sulfate, Sesithombe nomthofu (II), okuyizinto zingaxazululeki, futhi calcium sulfate nesiliva, okuyizinto ngokulinganisela encibilikayo.
5. Zonke carbonates, sulfites nama-phosphate kukhona zingaxazululeki ngaphandle carbonates, sulphites futhi potassium phosphate, sodium ne ammonium.
6. Zonke sulfides zingaxazululeki ngaphandle sulfides ngezinto alikhali, ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi kanye ammonium.
7. Zonke hydroxides zingaxazululeki ngaphandle ane-alikhali metal hydroxides. hydroxide Sesithombe, calcium barium yombala kukhona kancane oncibilikayo.

Izinto ezinjalo eziphilayo ezifana alkanes (upharafini hydrocarbon) noma alkenes (hydrocarbon unsaturated) kungatholakala usebenzisa isixazululo of potassium permanganate, okuyinto esimweni sokuqala ngeke ukushintsha umbala walo ukuze hydrocarbon paraffinic nge permanganate ngamawala emakhazeni. Esimeni sesibili, ikhambi iba kungekho nto enemibala emihle ngenxa ukuvuza Wagner yokusabela (isb, ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. Ngenxa yalokho, lehla ngama-manganese dioxide kwenze ukuba umbala sinombala. Amaphrotheni ayizakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi organic ukuthi ukunikeza imisebenzi ebalulekile kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo. isethi wabo omkhulu, nokuchazwa ukubaluleka okukhulu esisebenzayo. ukusabela qualitative ngamaprotheni esetshenziswa ngalezi zinjongo, bahlukene zibe nombala kanye negama. Ngosizo lwabo, it is hhayi kunqunywa amaprotheni ngokwabo nama-amino acid equkethwe kuwo.