Ukusabela Redox

Igama elithi "namachibi" ekuqaleni lalisho ukuthi ethile izidakamizwa ukuxhumana nge-oxygen ukuze kwakheke i-nitrous, njengomoya-mpilo ngokomlando kwaziwa njengoba oxidant kuqala. Ngu oxidizing waqonda-mpilo uxhumano, nangaphansi sokubuyiselwa - ukuyibuyisa. Ngakho igama elithi "namachibi - zokubuyiselwa" Sekuyisikhathi eside eziqhutshwa kwamakhemikhali. kamuva ukusabela Redox njengendaba ngezinqubo ezifana yaloko kukhona ukudluliselwa electron kusukela athomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, ngakho leli gama usezuze kunencazelo ebanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho magnesium amandla omlilo-oksijini: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO ukudluliswa electron kwenzeka kusukela magnesium kunomoya-mpilo.

ukusabela Redox zinezikhathi e ukuthi basebenzisane reagents eyaziwa oxidants futhi reductants. Izinto ama-athomu okuyinto banikele electron kubhekwe ekunciphiseni ejenti. Zamakhemikhali kabani la ma-athomu ukuthatha ama-electron ngokuthi oxidants. Ukusabela olungenhla magnesium ekunciphiseni ejenti ngokwayo oxidized, isb ithumela electron. Oxygen kuyehla - kuthatha electron kanye oxidizer. Esinye isibonelo: Cuo + H2 → Cu + H2O. Lapho ukufuthelana, oxide zethusi endaweni ion hydrogen ekusakazeni zethusi ukwamukela electron hydrogen. Njengoba i-ejenti oxidizing, basuke sehliselwe zethusi zokucathula. ama-athomu ye-hydrogen banikele electron, njenge-ejenti ekunciphiseni ngokwayo oxidized ne-hydrogen.

Ngakho, namachibi nokwehlisa izinqubo zenzeke kanyekanye: oxidized ekunciphiseni namanxusa oxidizing ziyancipha. ukusabela Redox kuthiwa abizwa kanjalo ngenxa kukhona isixhumanisi inextricable phakathi izinqubo okuhambisanayo. Okusho ukuthi, uma kukhona ama-athomu okuyinto banikele electron, ukuthi zihlale khona futhi yokuthi electron ukuthatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi we oxidizer kanye ejenti ekunciphiseni ekushintsheni degree of namachibi. Ngenxa zamakhemikhali zingase zimiswe nanoma uhlobo zama-athomu molecule.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu ukusabela redox:

1. Aphakathi - oxidizable futhi ama-athomu reducible kufakwe molecule amakhemikhali ezahlukene, isibonelo: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (zinc - reductant hydrogen seka - oxidant).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable futhi ama-athomu reducible kufakwe molecule elifanayo ikhemikhali, isibonelo: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (e-molecule potassium chlorate umoya - reductant chloro - oxidant).
3. Autoxidation-self-ukuphulukiswa noma disproportionation - okufanayo chemical isici ekusabeleni iyona ekunciphiseni ejenti kanye oxidizing ejenti, isibonelo: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( athomu nitrogen of oxide acid kungumsebenti ejenti ekunciphiseni futhi oxidizing ejenti, umkhiqizo namachibi - a nitric acid, umkhiqizo ukunciphisa - nitrogen monoxide).
4. Comproportionation reproportsionirovanie noma - eyodwa futhi yona leyo nto ukuba neziqu ezahlukene namachibi engqamuzaneni, okuholela isimo esisodwa namachibi, isibonelo: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

ukusabela Redox ethulwa ifomu elivamile noma ngekhompyutha. Omunye kungaba cabanga ngesibonelo nokuxhumana chemical: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. Lapha, i-athomu yensimbi iyi-ejenti oxidizing, ngoba kuthatha omunye electron kanye nezinguquko ne degree of namachibi of +3 ukuze +2: Fe + ³ + e → Fe + ². Ion sulphur ekunciphiseni inxusa oxidized, ama-electron kanye ithumela iguquka isimo namachibi at -2 0: Sˉ² - zu → S °. electron noma ion-electron izindlela ibhalansi asetshenziselwa umgwaqo we okuza stoichiometric kule ndaba.

ukusabela Redox ziyasakazeka futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba umsuka izinqubo omlilo zokuwohloka kwamazinyo, emishinini yokuphefumula, umzimba, nokwenziwa izitshalo zimunca isikhutha, kanye nezinye izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo. Futhi, bajwayele kulezo zimboni ngokukhiqiza izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi kusukela compounds zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi zisekelwe ukulungiswa kwe-ammonia, sulfuric futhi nitric acid, ezinye izinto zokwakha, imithi kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi ebalulekile. Asetshenziswa e utho lomklamo sokunquma compounds yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene.