Ukuphila Emhlabeni esikhathini Cretaceous

isikhathi Cretaceous kuyinto kwenkathi odlule, lokugcina inkathi Mesozoic. Walandelwa esikhundleni Jurassic, ngokuvumelana izibalo zokuma komhlaba zithi iminyaka endaweni ethile emhlabeni kwezigidi ezingu 145 edlule futhi yathatha iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, okwathi ngemva kwalokho nokuqala kwenkathi ephakeme ihlukile, le Cenozoic, inkathi - ". Inkathi ngempilo entsha" Igama lalesi sigaba kunalokho eside yentuthuko Zomhlaba wathola ngokuqondene iqiniso ukuthi wasishiyela ifa enamandla wokulinganisa idiphozithi yanoma Marl kanye isihlabathi. Nakuba kule minyaka kwezigidi ezingu ayisishiyagalombili Emhlabeni akuzange kwenzeke iyiphi inhlekelele ngezinga elingelikhulu kwamaplanethi, ngakho-ke, ukuqothulwa inqwaba ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo, kodwa ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba, ushintsho global kolwandle futhi kwesimo sezulu olwenze ushintsho olungahle lubekhona esikhathini inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezidalwa eziphilayo .

Cretaceous ingahlukaniswa zibe sub-izigaba: ishoki aphansi kanye engenhla. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukuphila kwaqala ezilwandle, ezweni emoyeni kwaleso sikhathi, udinga elichaza kafushane ukudlula, kusukela esigabeni Jurassic zomhlaba izinqubo orogenic. Esikhathini aphansi inkathi cretaceous ka Gondwana futhi Laurasia baqhubeka ukuhambisa kude nomunye. Uqinisile inqubo efanayo kwenzeka Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. Ngakho, i- Atlantic Ocean ziba ajwayelekile kithi manje akhombisa. Kodwa empumalanga Gondwana ke ihlanganiswe ne Laurasia. Australia kwaba lapho uhlala, futhi manje, kodwa amanzi rose kuphela yesithathu endaweni samanje.

Upper Cretaceous libhekene iqiniso lokuthi Nenkabazwe welwandle laqala ukwenyuka, futhi ezindaweni eziningi eMpumalanga Yurophu, Western eSiberia, lonke elase-Arabhiya, futhi cishe ngaso sonke Canada yesimanje ezazingaphansi kwawo amanzi. Nokho, ekupheleni kwesikhathi Cretaceous Earth waqala ukufana ezakheke imbulunga yesimanje.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka Cretaceous kushintshiwe nesimo sezulu. Yena, kwakuwuhlelo ufudumele ngaphandle yesimanje. Isikhala yeYurophu namuhla laligcwele ehlathini ashisayo. Nokho, ngezinye zindawo okusezingeni eliphezulu baye alternated zonyaka, futhi kweqhwa ebusika. Enjalo inkinga yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emenza yokuthi, kanye spore futhi gymnosperms uvele izitshalo zakrytosemennye. izihlahla ezinjalo beech, birch, umlotha, ziyadliwa, bavele Inkathi Cretaceous, kwaqhubeka kukhona kwaze kwaba namuhla ngaphandle izinguquko. Land aluthola nezitshalo eziqhakazayo lokuqala - magnolia lokuqala, wayesevuka. Ngo zom-ke baba nethuba ukuthi impova yazo yenziwa hhayi kuphela umoya, kodwa futhi izinambuzane. izitshalo Fruit, ngokubeka inhlanyelo izithelo ukusabalala nge isilwane esidla isithelo. Ngakho, izitshalo nezithelo izimbali Ugcwalise yonke iplanethi.

Ushintsho E-flora esikhathini Cretaceous kwaholela ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Esikhathini Steel emoyeni flit butterfly kuqala futhi flying bee ukusuthisa umpe izimbali. Ulwandle kuza ekubusweni foraminifera, efile futhi igobolondo sikhuntile okuyinto awunika igama lokuthi sonke lesi sikhathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Bekanye nabo kunezinye mollusk, abakwa-Amoni. Umbuso izinhlanzi ubuswa oshaka kanye nezinhlanzi bony. Izilwane kwenkathi Mesozoic - ngaphezu kwakho konke, izibankwakazi nezilwane ezincelisayo ekuseni - ngokuphepha "wathuthela" kusuka Jurassic kuya Cretaceous. Kodwa phezu wokulinganisa eziningana efile ekupheleni legatsha izibankwakazi birdlike ziyafa ezifana lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx. Kodwa kukhona inyoni - okhokho goose yesimanje, plovers, amadada loon.

I Mesozoic Era (inkathi Jurassic ngokukhethekile), ngokuvumelana ifilimu abadumile, yaziwa nangokuthi ngenkathi izibankwakazi. Ngokuvamile, kokubusa izibankwakazi zasendulo zagcinwa wokulinganisa. Kodwa esikhathini sokugcina, Stegosaurus uyanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, futhi niche yakhe Tyrannosaurus. flora Rich nomthelela ukuvela kohlobo olusha izibankwakazi herbivorous: Triceratops, Iguanodon ankylosaur nabanye. Singasho ukuthi Cretaceous inkathi dinosaur zinhlobo ukwehluka kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, ecashele imidondoshiya e ezidlekeni zawo, babehlala futhi ababusi besikhathi esizayo Umhlaba - ezincelisayo. Lezi zilwane, efana amagundane kuyaqabukela ifika imitha elilodwa ubude, izinhlobo eziningi babe egglayers, ama-marsupial izilwane ezincane testaceous noma elincane, nesisindo 500 g. Kodwa ngemva kwabo kwaba esizayo.