Laynus Poling: Biography, umnikelo isayensi. Multivitamins Linus Pauling nokubuyekeza ngazo

Omunye futhi elalidume kunawo wonke wemithi American Laynus Poling kuyinto. Biography kwezinhloso zenzuzo yakhe ngokungagcini nje izakhamuzi-United States, kodwa abantu emhlabeni wonke. Akumangazi, ngoba kwenza ucwaningo amavithamini - ethandwa kangaka namuhla Izithako zokudla. Kumelwe uthi, Laynus Karl Poling beza nemiphumela emihle. Yilokhu usosayensi, owaba owawina ezimbili kaNobel Imiklomelo, sizobe ukukhuluma namuhla.

Imvelaphi ebuntwaneni Linus Pauling

Laynus Poling, isithombe kanye biography uvezwa sihloko, yazalwa ngo-Portland, February 28, 1901 ubaba womfana kwaba wemithi (ngezansi), nonina - uyinkosikazi. Lapho Linus eneminyaka engu-9, kwashona ubaba wakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, umndeni kwadingeka nzima ngokuya impahla.

Laynus Ros uyazithulela ingane Cabangisisa. Wayengase ukubukela izinambuzane eside, kodwa ikakhulukazi bakhangwa Pauling namaminerali. Wakhe umxhwele futhi kwaheha emhlabeni kunamatshe ayigugu. Lobu bumnandi for the crystal avele ngezikhathi nasekuphileni kwabantu abadala: Ososayensi abaye bahlola amaminerali eziningana, esekelwe imfundiso azidalile.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-13 Pauling lokuqala wavakashela e-laboratory yamakhemikhali. Ngokungangabazeki, lokho akubona lapho kwangihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kuye. Linus anquma ukukwenza ucwaningo ngokushesha. Yena waboleka izitsha "chemical" ekhishini nonina, futhi ekamelweni lakhe siqu liye laba yindawo ucwaningo.

College

Pauling wayengazange kuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ukuthi awamenzanga ukuya Oregon Agricultural College, kamuva ashintshwa aba-University of Oregon. Phakathi ukuqeqesha Linus sina abanentshisekelo kubuchwepheshe zamakhemikhali. Ngezikhathi zakusihlwa nobusuku kwadingeka ukuba uthole ngamakhaya. Pauling wasebenza Umshini wokuwasha izitsha yokudlela, kanye ukuhlunga iphepha wokunyathelisa.

Linus waya lolungenamaphutsa. Prodigy waphawula othisha junior wamthembisa ukuba abe umsizi. Njengoba Pauling laqala ukusebenzela uMnyango quantitative Ukuhlaziywa. Ngemva konyaka, waba umsizi e Mechanics, chemistry izinto.

mqondo zobudokotela, usosayensi umsebenzi ekuseni

Laynus Poling ngo-1922 waba Bachelor of Science (i-Chemical Engineering). Ukuze usebenze mqondo yakhe zobudokotela, wamenywa ukuba California Institute of Technology, etholakala e Pasadena. Yena lolungenamaphutsa bavikela umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1925.

Usosayensi Young waqala ukwenza i-career kwi-Institute of Technology. Waba likaprofesa kakade ngo-1927, woprofesa - e 1929. Ngo-1931, Pauling wayesemdala uprofesa wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Ucwaningo-X-ray crystallography

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi wathola amakhono ezibalulekile emkhakheni-X-ray crystallography. Linus lula ukufunda X-ray, uma akwazi ukugcina isakhiwo athomu ndaba ngamehlo ami siqu. Lolu lwazi eduze nohlobo academic isibopho chemical - emkhakheni eyinhloko cwaningo for a lifetime. Waya e-Europe, lapho wahambela ososayensi abaziwayo e Munich - Sommerfeld, e Zurich - E. Schrödinger e Copenhagen - Niels Bohr.

Theory hybridization (resonance)

Ngo-1928, Linus yamemezela kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela hybridization (ezahlukene - resonance theory). Kwaba intuthuko yangempela kwamakhemikhali kwesakhiwo. Ngalesi sikhathi, namanje uhlala ezingaxazululeki inkinga reflection of the isakhiwo nezakhiwo zezakhi ku-formula zamakhemikhali. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi bavumile ukusebenzisa dash ukuze ukhombise isibopho Valence, kukhona okuningi ukungaqiniseki. Iqiniso lokuthi e ngokoqobo kwaba izikimu more xaka idwetshwa ephepheni.

Ngokushesha sidinga abizwa ezengeziwe. Ikakhulukazi, uma uxhumano kwaba polar, kuba ngaphezu kwalokho umcibisholo; uma kwaba ionic - ku-athomu omoya-ngaphezu kwalokho wabeka pluses kanye minuses. Nokho, lokhu akukhona usizo kakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi i eyanele izakhiwo isithombe kanye nesakhiwo sebuningini zishintshe, ikakhulukazi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufanele aye ayisebenzisa kaningi amafomula eziningana kwesakhiwo. Ikakhulukazi-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ezinhlanu benzene. Kusukela ngamunye kubhekwa eceleni, futhi omunye wabo akakwazanga ukuchaza ngokunembile izakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo enkompolo elimnandi.

Pauling ezihlongozwayo umqondo ukuthi molecule umphumela resonance, okungukuthi ezedlulayo izakhiwo eziningana. Lapho ngamunye zalezi zakhiwo ikakhulukazi uchaza izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali ukwakheka kwama-molecule.

Ngo-1939 kwabonakala sengathi umsebenzi Linus "Ziya isibopho amakhemikhali." Ososayensi babevame imfundiso yokuziphendukela quantum ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene ebhekene isayensi. Lokhu kwakumenza akwazi ukuthutha ukuchaza eziningi amaqiniso disparate kusuka izikhundla esihlanganisiwe theory.

Izinto ezintsha abazitholayo

Laynus Poling engxenyeni-1930 yesibili ukufunda isakhiwo zishintshe ngesisekelo resonance theory. Kubhekwe wayo njengoba amasosha omzimba, ikakhulukazi ikhono lazo ukunikeza amasosha omzimba. Ososayensi baye benza eziningi eziye zatholwa emkhakheni Virology, kwezokugoma, futhi oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, wafunda ngqamuzana. Laynus Poling ngo-1951 wanyathelisa incazelo yokuqala isakhiwo ngakuthathu yamangqamuzana amaprotheni (co-kwentiwe ngu R. Korn). Kwakuthinta etholwe-X-ray idatha crystallography.

Isimo Sengqondo kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Pauling eU.SSR

ithiyori Pauling kuye kwenza isiphepho e-USSR. Ezweni lethu, ngemva kokunqotshwa zezilimi, ososayensi computer zezakhi zofuzo waqala quantum Mechanics, bese baba izisulu the NKVD kanye ne-chemistry. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela resonance Pauling, kanye theory mesomerism K. Ingold, okuhlobene nakho, babe nesikhathi esibekiweko eyinhloko ukuhlasela. ESoviet Union imemezele ukuthi Pauling umfanekiso wanoma molecule real njengoba ngokwesilinganiso phakathi kwezinhlaka ezimbili noma esibi kakhulu abstract - emibonweni yami futhi wobunxiwankulu. Juni 11, 1951 kwaba nomhlangano inkomfa Zonke-Union lapho inkinga isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali babebhekwa njengabantu. Ngalesi umcimbi, imfundiso resonance wahlulwa.

Nobel imiklomelo neminye impumelelo Pauling

Nokho, ukuphumelela Linus baziswa Kuhlolwe phesheya. Pauling ngo-1954 wanikwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa yesifundo sakhe somuntu yemvelo isibopho zamakhemikhali, kanye nokusebenza kwayo ukufunda takhiwo compounds. Futhi ngo-1962 usosayensi wathola umklomelo okwesibili - njengoba othanda ukulwa ukuthula.

Pauling umsunguli izincwadi ezingaba ngu-250 yesayensi kanye nezincwadi eziningi, kuhlanganise eyingqayizivele ukujula alula ebhukwinitifundvo kwemithi yesimanje. Ngo-1948, i-impumelelo kwezesayensi, waqala ukuba ahole ama-American Chemical Society, futhi wakhethwa ukuba National Academy of Sciences of the United States nakwamanye emiphakathini eminingi yesayensi emazweni ahlukahlukene.

ukuthula

Ngokujulile uyazi usongo izikhali zenuzi esintwini, Linus waqala ngenkuthalo alwe ukudalwa izikhali ezintsha zenuzi. Lokhu usosayensi wayephakathi initiators ukunyakaza Pugwash. Pauling ngo-1957 lidlule isikhalazo ukuba uNobhala Jikelele we-UN, esisayinwe 11.021 lososayensi elimelela izinhlangano emazweni angu-49. Encwadini 1958 "Musa ukuya empini!" Laynus Poling Yaveza imibono yakhe pacifistic.

Ngo-June 1961 usosayensi nomkakhe ngokuthi inkomfa e-Norway (Oslo), isihloko okuyinto - ekulweni ekwandeni izikhali zenuzi. Naphezu ukwelashwa Linus ukuba uNikita Khrushchev, ngo-September wango lowo nyaka eSoviet Union uqalisiwe sokuhlola. Futhi ngo-March ngonyaka ozayo, benza kanjalo-United States. Khona-ke usosayensi waqala ukufeza ukuqapha emisebeni ye-radioactivity. Pauling emabele ulwazi ezingeni liye lenyuka ngengxenye uma kuqhathaniswa ne odlule iminyaka engu-16 Okthoba 1962. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Pauling kwaba isivumelwano okusalungiswa mthetho yalolu hlobo zokuhlola. Ngo-July 1963, iSoviet Union, e-US nase-UK ongene ke.

Usosayensi uyekile ukusebenza ngesikhathi California Institute of Technology ngo-1963 futhi waqala ezisebenza ezikhungweni zocwaningo yomphakathi, etholakala e-Santa Barbara. Lapha eqala ukubhekana nezinkinga impi nokuthula. Linus uye eyenziwa uchungechunge ukulinga usongo kwazo imisebe. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izakhi enemisebe kubangele wegazi, kwamathambo, umdlavuza yegilo namanye izifo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Linus ngokulinganayo ngenkuthalo wayisola izingalo umncintiswano eSoviet Union futhi uhulumeni wase-US, abanye abezombusazwe baye olandelanayo ubuqotho bakhe e-United States.

Ngo-1969, usosayensi liyeke ukusebenza e-University of California, lapho kwenziwe izifundo zakhe iminyaka emibili. Wakwenza ekhononda Reagan okuqhubekayo, umbusi California, inqubomgomo zemfundo. Linus laqala ukusebenzela Stanford University Uprofesa.

Personal ukuphila Pauling

Ngo-1922, usosayensi ishade umfundi e-Oregon Agricultural College - Ava uHelen Miller (isithombe sikhonjiswa ngezansi). Banezinhliziyo indodakazi namadodana amathathu. Ngo-1981, Ava uHelen wafa. Emva kokushona kwakhe, Pauling wahlala eCalifornia e-Big Sur lapho indlu izwe labo lalizobhekana.

Orthomolecular imithi Pauling

Pauling kuyinto umsekeli futhi umgqugquzeli okubizwa ngokuthi imithi orthomolecular. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi imithi Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinto zikhona emzimbeni womuntu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuze lizuze elilodwa noma kwenye isifo badinga kuphela ukushintsha lokuhlushwa yayo efanele. Scientific Kwalo Medical Institute yasungulwa ngo 1973 ukuhlola izindlela zokwelapha futhi kuvimbele isifo ngokushisa umthamo edingekayo amaminerali namavithamini. Pauling wayekholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ukudla amaningi vitamin C odingekayo ngosuku Ngo-1979 incwadi wabonakala ukuthi usosayensi ngokuthi "Umdlavuza futhi vitamin C". Kwakuthinta ezixoxwa ukuthi ascorbic acid kusiza kanjani ukubhekana nalesi sifo esiyingozi. Laynus Poling "vitamin C kanye ne amakhala yisisu" wadala ngawo lowo nyaka. Zombili lezi zincwadi wahlangana bedidekile ingxenye odokotela, kodwa baye baba zithandwa kakhulu.

Ukuphenywa ascorbic acid

Amavithamini Dr. Linus Pauling nesithakazelo kakade kwasebekhulile. Isifundo ascorbic acid kanye nokwenzeka ukusetshenziswa emitholampilo usosayensi enikelwe zokugcina ezingu-30 iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi ukusetshenziswa ke inqwaba kuba nomphumela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu.

Ngokushesha kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi akekho amavithamini angeke kukusindise esonweni uma ahole yokuphila okungenampilo. Bona ingafaniswa amabhande esihlalweni. Lapho sifundela umuntu othile egqoke, nje kuvimbela ke esimweni esiphuthumayo, kodwa akuqinisekisi ride ephephile. Amavithamini nazo kuphela ukusinika ukuvikelwa eyengeziwe. Ukuqinisekiswa izenzo zabo - ukuphila okumatasa futhi eside usosayensi njengoba Laynus Poling. U-vitamin C, wathatha inani 18 amagremu ngosuku, futhi vitamin E (tocopherol) - 800 IU, kusukela eyishumi lwesikhombisa. Linus wakwazi aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-93! Ngo-1994, Laynus Poling wafa. Umlando Omfushane kuye kusikisela ukuthi akazange isifo esingathí sina.

By the way, ngisho nabaphikisi olunzima lwesikhathi ososayensi uyavuma ukuthi ascorbic acid kuyasiza empilweni. impikiswano enkulu ubelokhu kuphela ubukhulu bayo kuyaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, okuyinto okufanele zithathwe.

Yini izibalo?

Academy of Sciences incoma ukuthi umuntu omdala wesilisa engayitholi nsuku zonke 60 mg kavithamini C. Izindinganiso Russian iyashiyana ngesikhathi ubudala, ubulili kanye ubungcweti lomuntu. Ngoba abantu kuba 60-110 mg kwabesifazane - 55-80. Kulezi inqwaba futhi akekho hypovitaminosis (ukopha kwezinsini, ukukhathala) noma ukhwekhwe. Abantu ababeka ukudla ezingaphezu kuka-50 mg ascorbic acid ngelanga, ngokusho izibalo, kukhona izimpawu zokuguga eneminyaka engu-10 kamuva kunazo zonke ezinye.

Amavithamini Linus Pauling

Impendulo ngokusebenzisa zivela emhlabeni wonke. Amavithamini ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba, ukunikeza ukubukeka ezinhle, njengoba ibhekene namacala vivacity namandla, njengoba abantu besho. Basuke ngokubaluleka kuthandwa ibhekwa wezokudla njengoba. Sikhuluma isakhiwo onjalo namuhla, njengoba "Super Multi-Amavithamini" UDkt Linus Pauling. Siqukethe ezingaphezu kwezingu-40 amavithamini, izingxenye herbal, amaminerali, jelly royal. I temu elithi immunostimulating futhi eqeda ukuvuvukala izakhiwo, futhi kwandisa ukusebenza ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Multivitamins Linus Pauling Kunconywa njengendlela agent aqinisayo ayekulezo. Kulesi sakhiwo umthombo obengeziwe amaminerali kanye namavithamini.