Esekela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa Its Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube manje

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - isamba yonke imibono ephathelene nemithetho, izinqubo izinguquko ezenzeka ngokwemvelo organic. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke ezikhona e kulesi sikhathi samanje, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sivela 'izihlobo "yabo elikude izinguquko zaphakade. It lihlaziya indlela lapho kukhona ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye eziphilayo (ontogeny), uhlola ukuvela kwamaqembu anokuhambisana eziphilayo (phylogeny) futhi lithathelwe yabo.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo elisuka endulo, lapho izazi zemvelo, zefilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo neRoma (u-Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) uzwakalise ezizathwini yabo mayelana nentuthuko kanye ekuguquleni izinto eziphilayo. Nokho, lezi ziphetho azisekelwe kolwazi lwesayensi nokuhlonyiswa kwadingeka umlingisi luyingxenye ukuqagela kuphela. NgeNkathi Ephakathi e kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale imfundiso kwaba amile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa lapho ukubusa nemfundiso yenkolo engenakuphikiswa futhi scholasticism. Ngakho, emhlabeni yobuKristu isikhathi eside ngangihola umbono creationist. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ezinye izazi ziye uzwakalise imibono yabo mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu izilo, njengoba kufakazelwa okutholakele babe izinsalela.

Ngo inqubo ekuqongeleleni amaqiniso ekhulwini le-18, Umkhuba omusha - transformism lapho safunda kokuhlukana kwezinhlobo. Abamele izimfundiso babe izazi ezinjengo J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. ithiyori yabo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo njengoba ubufakazi kwadingeka amaqiniso amabili: khona amafomu zesikhashana ukufana interspecific isakhiwo zezilwane nezitshalo ukuthi kukhona eqenjini efanayo. Nokho, akekho noyedwa kulaba izibalo ungazange wakhuluma izizathu izinguquko.

Kwaba kuphela 1809, kwakubikwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Lamarck, okwakukhona It kubonakala encwadini "Philosophy emayelana nezilwane". Lapha umbuzo izimbangela izinguquko zilwane kwase kuqala ephakanyiswe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngenxa esiguquguqukayo nokushintsha ngokwakho izinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuyo ukushiyana kwezidalwa, isb ukwedlulisela kusukela ephansi kuya ephakeme. Lokhu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuvumelana Lamarck, esivela kuzo zonke eziphilayo futhi livela isifiso ekupheleleni.

Okubukwa zezwe ezingokwemvelo kuye kwaholela ukuba amalungiselelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zazo kubonakala emthethweni "neuprazhneniya -. Umsebenzi" Ngokusho ke, izidumbu achazwayo njengoba asetshenziswe kuwo, khona-ke uya "ifa izakhiwo evumayo", okungukuthi, izimpawu evumayo eyadluliselwa isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane esikhathini esizayo, noma ukuthuthukiswa yabo kwenzekani, noma ayanyamalala. Nokho, umsebenzi Lamarck kwakungalindelekile baziswa emhlabeni yesayensi, ongakabi wanyathelisa incwadi kaDarwin "On the Origin of Species." Sikhishwe ku-agumenti wakhe obusekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo niyenzé ethandwa kakhulu. Nokho, isazi sesayensi kwaba lweli heritability ngezici kuluthola. Nokho, kukhona ukungqubuzana beyimabhombo ukuze kokubili nomthelela ukuvuselelwa Lamarckism Lamarckism.

Nje isikhathi esiningi, izazi zezinto eziphilayo labacwaningi elaliholwa kulokho ebonakala umbono zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. (SHE). It has no usuku ecacile imvelaphi kumbhali kanti umsebenzi lilonke ososayensi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ababhali Ziningi ngaso linye, okunye amalungiselelo akuyona ungaqiniseki: iyunithi aphansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo imelelwa bendawo; Indaba for ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhona recombination futhi kuguquka kokuhlukana; isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa ezincwadini kuyinto kwemvelo; izimpawu kokungathathi hlangothi akhiwa ngenxa drift zofuzo namanye amalungiselelo.

Okwamanje, inani elikhulu ososayensi zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi "inkolelo-mbono yesimanje kwemvelo." Akudingi umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye ngesikhathi esifanayo impumelelo yayo eyinhloko ukuthi lapho ushintsho saltatsionnye kushintshane kancane kancane.