URosalind Franklin: Biography, neminyaka yokuphila, umnikelo isayensi. Ukhohlwe Lady-DNA

URosalind Elsie Franklin - wemithi brilliant British kabani-X-ray umumo womsebenzi izifundo abahlinzeke indlela isihluthulelo isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid kanye quantitatively waqinisekisa model of Watson - Crick. Wabuye wathola ukuthi molecule e-DNA khona ifomu ezingaphezu kweyodwa.

URosalind Franklin: Biography emfushane, izithombe

URosalind wazalelwa e-London ngo-July 25, 1920, yesibili kwezine amahlanu omkhaya Anglo-Jewish owaziwa. Ubaba wakhe, Ellis Franklin kwaba umlingani "Keiser" ebhange, omunye yezinkampani ezinkulu umndeni eziphethwe (elinye ukushicilela "Routledge futhi Kegan uPawulu"). Yena nomkakhe uMuriel ziye bahileleke ezindabeni zomphakathi yesihle nezinye. URosalind Franklin (isithombe esihlokweni ngezansi) wafunda St kukaPawulu Girls School, okuyinto ulungisa iziqu ngokwenza career esizayo, hhayi nje emshadweni. Wakwemukela izibalo nesayensi, futhi kukhulunywa izilimi zakwamanye amazwe (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke anguye esezandleni ze-isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane nesiJalimane). Ngokungafani polyglots eziningi, wayeselahlekelwe umnakekeli i indlebe umculo. Gustav Holst, umculo umqondisi School St kukaPawulu., Uma waphawula ukuthi URosalind ukucula lithuthukile cishe ukuwela ithoni. Franklin umkhaya ngokuvamile seholidi izintaba uhambo, kanye nezokuvakasha wayengomunye walabo izinkanuko zakhe impilo yonke, kanye travel angaphandle.

Isifundo e Cambridge

Ngokusho nonina, impilo yami yonke URosalind Bengazi ukuthi kahle lapho uya, futhi ngesikhathi eyishumi nesithupha u-Eva wakhetha isayensi njengoba isihloko yayo. Awufuni omunye unyaka ukuze silungiselele ekolishi ngo-1938, washiya esikoleni ukuya Newnham, omunye amakolishi laba besifazane ababili sika eCambridge University. Uyise akazange ashade, njengoba eminye imithombo abathi baphikisane kuleyo, yize ayengabahlula abanaye ukukhetha inkambo zendabuko ezingaphezu. ECambridge, Franklin ezikhethekile kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni. iminyaka yakhe umfundi, ngokwengxenye ezenzeka esikhathini Second neMpi Yezwe. Abafundisi nezazi eziningi ke babehileleke ucwaningo ezempi. Abanye kwabaqhamuka ngaphandle (isib, ezinto Maks Peruts) baboshwe abantu bezinye izizwe. Encwadini eyodwa, Franklin waphawula ukuthi "cishe zonke Cavendish sinyamalale; biochemistry cishe ukufunda amaJalimane hhayi iphuze. "

phambili

Ngo-1941, URosalind Franklin wathola iziqu ze-bachelor, umfundaze unyaka owodwa enikezelwe kanye noMnyango Scientific and Industrial Research. Wachitha isikhathi endaweni yokucwaninga Norrish, iphayona odumile photochemistry. Ngo-1942, lapho impi usaqhubeka, Franklin kwadingeka anqume ukuthi kufanele kuthathe bendabuko umsebenzi wezempi noma ucwaningo emkhakheni olufanele nezidingo empini benethemba doctorate. Yakhetha yokugcina, futhi ehlobo waqala ukuba ubambisane asanda kusungulwa amalahle British ucwaningo inhlangano (BCURA).

URosalind Franklin: A Biography usosayensi

Eminyakeni emine eyalandela, Franklin abasebenze ukucacisa microstructure we carbons ezahlukene hydrocarbon, ukuze sichaze ukuthi kungani amanye awo amanzi permeable ngaphezulu, amagesi futhi kumakhemikhali awuketshezi, kanye ithinta indlela Ukushisa carbonization. Ekutadisheni kwabo, yabonisa ukuthi ikhule ezimbotsheni amalahle ezingeni yamangqamuzana babe nokuminyaniseka mncane okuyinto ukwandisa nge Ukushisa iyashiyana okuqukethwe carbon. Ikhonza njengabameleli "sieves yamangqamuzana", ngokulandelana ekuvimbeni Ukungena izinto, kuye ngokuthi ungakanani yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. URosalind Franklin wayengowokuqala ukuhlonza ulinganise microstructure lezi. umsebenzi ngisho nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo avunyelwe zokuhlukanisa namalahle ngokunemba high ukubikezela ukusebenza kwabo. Ukubambisana Franklin BCURA ukunikeza mqondo zakhe zobudokotela. Wazamukela degree zakhe zobudokotela eCambridge ngo-1945, futhi wabhala amaphepha ezinhlanu ngokwesayensi.

Ukudlulela France

Ngemva kwempi, URosalind Franklin laqala ukufuna omunye umsebenzi. Wazamukela okuthunyelwe Paris laboratory Jacques Mering. Kukhona lapho afunda khona hlaziya amalahle usebenzisa -X-ray ukuhlaziywa, futhi eduze bajwayelane imiklamo. Umsebenzi wakhe kanye incazelo eningiliziwe isakhiwo kungukuthi graphitized futhi carbons graphitized wasiza yisisekelo sokuthuthukisa carbon fibre nezinto ezintsha ukushisa ukumelana futhi waletha udumo lwakhe ngamazwe phakathi amalahle bamakhemikhali. Wazizwa injabulo isiko Collegiate zochwepheshe Central Laboratory futhi sithole okuningi abangane khona.

Ukubuyela ENgilandi

Nakuba wajabula kakhulu eFrance, ngo-1949, URosalind Franklin waqala ukufuna umsebenzi ekhaya. Umngane wakhe u-Charlz Kolson, wemithi theory, wasikisela ukuba azame ukuba "izindlela-X-ray umumo womsebenzi yophenyo" zishintshe ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-1950 yena waklonyeliswa scholarship iminyaka emithathu Turner futhi Newell ukusebenza uMnyango Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla eKing sika College London. Randall kuhlelwe ukuthi Franklin ngeke crystallography Front sizohlaziya amaprotheni. Nokho, ngezinye ngokusikisela Umsizi Eyinhloko laboratory Maurice Wilkins, uRandall wamcela ukuba ngenze ucwaningo kuyi-DNA. Wilkins wasesikoleni usanda kuqala ukusebenza ne-X-ray umumo womsebenzi kwamanye amasampula ezinhle ngendlela engavamile molecule isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. Wayelindele ukuthi bayoba abambisane Franklin, kodwa lokhu akazange angitshele.

isithombe-DNA

ucwaningo deoxyribonucleic acid abathintekayo yena kuphela iziqu umfundi Raymond Gosling. ubuhlobo bakhe Wilkins wahlushwa ngokungaqondi (futhi mhlawumbe wokukhungatheka Franklin Collegiate isiko kwenyuvesi). Ukusebenza Gosling, URosalind isiba abahlukene ngaphezulu DNA-X-ray izithombe, futhi ngokushesha bathola ukuthi amafomu ezimanzi futhi omile ekwetfula izithombe ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Ifomu ezimanzi yabonisa isakhiwo Kuvunguza, nge ohlangothini elingaphandle okuyizinto phosphate ngamaketanga ribose. ukuhlaziywa kwalo zezibalo we umumo womsebenzi in the state ezomile Nokho, akazange ayembule isakhiwo esinjalo, futhi uye wachitha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngomzamo ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1953, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi amafomu amabili abe lemiklamo ezimbili.

ababethole abayizikhohlwa

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-Cavendish Laboratory e Cambridge, Frensis Krik futhi Dzheyms Uotson wasebenza phezu imodeli ezincwadini DNA. Ukungakwazi sisondelene Franklin, ngo-January 1953, baye bafunda izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid kwenye-X ray, okuyinto wababonisa Wilkins, kanye isifinyezo sezinto amaphepha wakhe lungashicilelwe owasifaka-Medical Research Council. Watson Crick engayitshelanga yona ukuthi wabona impahla yakhe futhi wavuma iqhaza layo emsebenzini wabo ne ukushicilelwa umyalezo yakhe edumile ngo-Ephreli. Kamuva Creek wavuma ukuthi entwasahlobo ka-1953, Franklin kwaba ngebanga lokuphonsa itshe kusuka ukuqwashisa isakhiwo efanele DNA.

Ucwaningo amagciwane

Ngesikhathi Franklin ivumile uthumele scholarship yayo Laboratory of Crystallography Bernal sika Birkbeck College, lapho yena usinakile wakhe isakhiwo isitshalo amagciwane (isib, ugwayi KaMose). URosalind wabenza olunembile-X-ray, ukusebenza iqembu lososayensi, ezazihlanganisa esizayo kaNobel Aroni Klug. Its ukuhlaziywa umumo womsebenzi yabonisa, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo (RNA) igciwane lafakwa zokuzivikela igobolondo layo langaphakathi proteinaceous. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ngokubambisana neNhlangano abacwaningi abaningi, ikakhulukazi e-US. Franklin sabuyela ezimbili ezinde ngo-1954 kuya ku-1956 futhi isungule inethiwekhi oxhumana ezweni lonke, kuhlanganise Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom futhi Uendellom Stenli. isipiliyoni sakhe kulo mkhakha ubelokhu eqashelwa Royal Institute ngo-1956, ngesikhathi esengumqondisi yayo wamcela ukwakha umfuziselo walo kwentonga ka emise eyindilinga amagciwane World Isayensi Isentha 1958 e Brussels.

Ukugula, ukufa kanye ifa

Ekwindla ka-1956, Franklin kwatholakala - umdlavuza wesibeletho. Ngokuhamba sezinyanga ezingu 18 ezizayo, yena wahlinzwa kodwana yabekwa yingaba yini engakusiza. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo nezikhathi ezimbalwa ukuthethelelwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho waqhubeka ukusebenza endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga, bamfuna nokuxhasa iqembu lakhe ucwaningo. URosalind Franklin, DNA Ukhohlwe Lady, wafa eLondon ngo-April 16, 1958.

Kuyo yonke yakhe umsebenzi weminyaka engu-16 yena ishicilele 19 amaphepha isayensi emalahleni ne-carbon-5 ku-DNA futhi 21 igciwane. Eminyakeni yamuva, ithole izimemo eziningi okumelwe ngizikhulume at izingqungquthela emhlabeni wonke. Kungenzeka ukuthi umsebenzi ku-amagciwane ekugcineni bakwazi ukuletha umvuzo esasiwafanele nokubonwa zochwepheshe URosalind Franklin, sigule futhi sife okuyinto kuvinjelwe ke.

Indima e kokutholakala isakhiwo DNA

kokufaneleka Franklin kwezesayensi samalahle chemistry isakhiwo amagciwane kule cwaningo abalulekile. ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe uyakuqaphela lokhu ngesikhathi sakhe futhi ngemva kokushona komkakhe. Kodwa umphakathi kakhulu okubangelwa ngendima ayidlala kokutholakala isakhiwo DNA. Crick, Watson Wilkins wabelane uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1962 i-Physiology noma Medicine ngomsebenzi wakhe ku isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid. Khona-ke akekho wacabanga URosalind.

Umsebenzi wakhe ku-DNA, mhlawumbe kanjalo kwakuyobangela kunakwe uma Watson akahlekwa kuyo Umlando wakhe ngo-1968, eshicilelwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "The Double Helix". Kube wethula "amaqiniso fun" mayelana URosalind Franklin, kuboniswa ngaphansi kwegama Rose. Wachaza ke njengoba anolaka, owesifazane zidla - "bluestocking", okuyinto Awuvikela ngomhawu idatha yabo kusukela osebenza nabo, ngisho noma wayengakwazi ukuzichaza. Incwadi yakhe yayidumile kakhulu, nakuba abaningi bamabhayisikobho ke, kuhlanganise Crick, Wilkins futhi Laynus Poling, waphikisana ukuwachaza ngale ndlela, njengoba ababuyekezi kakhulu.

Ngo-1975, umngane wabathelisi URosalind Enn Seyr eshicilelwe Biography equkethe Ukuphika uthukuthele izitatimende Watson, futhi indima Franklin ngo kokutholakala isakhiwo DNA liye laziwa kabanzi. izihloko eziningi imibhalo baye bazama kutholakale umsuka wendaba yesihluku ukungabuyeli ku "asemncintiswaneni Helix double", ngokuvamile baveza wakhe njengoba ukholo ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane, zincishwa ithuba nozakwethu owazuza uMklomelo misogynous nokufa kweva eminyakeni. Nokho, umlobi wakhe wesibili Brenda Maddox saphawula ukuthi leli gama ubuye ubuqili, isathaya okuyinto ngokungafanele ukuba ufihle uqobo URosalind Franklin, isandla isayensi wemithi abavelele career yakhe yesayensi ekhaliphile.