-X-ray ukuhlaziywa - ekutadisheni isakhiwo izinto

-X-ray ukuhlaziywa indlela ucwaningo zokwakha kwesakhiwo. Kusekelwe phezu umumo womsebenzi we-X-ray ugongolo phezu ekhethekile crystalline ngamahele ngakuthathu. Esifundweni usebenzisa ubude wave okuyinto cishe 1A oluhambisana ubukhulu athomu. Mangisho ukuthi ukuhlaziywa-X-ray kanye neutron futhi electron umumo womsebenzi izindlela iphathelene ukuzimisela isakhiwo ketshezi.

Kuyasiza ukuphenya isakhiwo yama-athomu, iqembu isikhala unit cell, usayizi waso wamakhasi nokuma kwawo, kanye neqembu crystal wesimethri. Ukusebenzisa ithekhniki le ukutadisha ngezinto ezihlukahlukene futhi Alloys zabo, organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili, amaminerali, izinto amorphous, uketshezi kanye amagesi. Kwezinye izimo, i-X-ray isakhiwo ukuhlaziywa amaprotheni, amino nucleic kanye nezinye izinto.

Lokhu kuhlaziya kusisiza ukusungula isakhiwo athomu izinto crystalline okuyinto akheke kahle ichazwe futhi Uyi yemvelo umumo womsebenzi nehele for x-reyi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uphenyo yezinye ukuhlaziywa izinto ray kudinga zinhlayiya, okuyinto ebalulekile kodwa inselele ngokwanele.

I umumo womsebenzi we -X-ray sitholwe Laue, ngesisekelo ezincwadini Wolf futhi Bragg athuthukile. Sebenzisa amaphethini atholakala indima ukuhlaziya ezihlinzekwa Debye futhi Scherrer. Mangisho ukuthi njengamanje ukuhlaziywa-X-ray ingenye yezindlela ezivamile sokunquma isakhiwo izinto, ngoba ilula ukwenza futhi ayidingi izindleko abalulekile.

It ikuvumela ukuba uhlole amakilasi ezahlukene izinto, futhi ukubaluleka ulwazi etholakale kwenza ukwethulwa amasu amasha. Ngakho, kuqala waqala ukufunda isakhiwo efana uma usebenzisa zithwala interatomic emva izindlela ngqo sokunquma izakhiwo crystalline zakhiwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto zokuqala ukuthi abangu wafunda usebenzisa X-ray babe sodium ne-potassium chloride.

Ucwaningo we ngekwendzawo isakhiwo amaprotheni lwaluqala 30s kwekhulu elidlule e-United Kingdom. Idatha etholwe kwavula we-molecular biology, esangenza ukuhlonza ezibalulekile physico-chemical izakhiwo amaprotheni, kanye ne-DNA ukudala imodeli kuqala.

Nge-yalolucwaningo 50 ngenkuthalo basungula amasu umhlangano ikhompyutha kolwazi esiye etholwe-X-ray nekuhlahlelwa kwetakhi.

Kuze kube manje, sebenzisa synchrotrons. Ziyakwazi imithombo monochromatic ka X-ray asetshenziselwa ngemisebe ye zinhlayiya. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu lezi amadivayisi usebenzisa indlela multi-wavelength ukuhlakazwa ezingasadingeki. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zisebenza kuphela izikhungo zocwaningo yomphakathi. Laboratories zisebenzisa inqubo kangako esebenza kuphela ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi zinhlayiya, futhi ukuthola ukuhlaziywa indawo izidakamizwa.