Isampula ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo. Izinhlobo, izinhlobo, izici

Abaningi isayensi ukutadisha izinqubo ezihlukahlukene emphakathini, izimo zengqondo zabantu ukuba asho into nezinkinga ezahlukene, ubudlelwane obufanele kanye iqembu akuzona ulwazi theory kuphela anqwabelene systematized eminyakeni, kodwa futhi izifundo enokwehla ukuthi zibaluleke kakhulu futhi okuphawulekayo for more Ukulifunda ngijule nokuqonda izinqubo eziningi zomphakathi kanye izenzakalo. Enokwehla lwezenhlalo cwaningo - lokhu nenkanuko edlulele, ukubhaliswa izici ezithile zomphakathi amaqiniso kunesidingo sokuba nokuqonda nokutadisha ubudlelwane ezithile, izenzakalo futhi izenzakalo ezenzeka emphakathini. It ihlukile ulwazi theory esingavunyelwe eziqhutshwa isihlobo jikelele yesayensi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma, imiqondo yamagama kanye izigaba, futhi sihlaziye "bukhoma, real" ukuziphatha kwabantu, izahlulelo zabo kanye nemibono, ukusebenza. Ukutadisha okunjalo kuyadingeka ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi oluphelele, eyiqiniso, ethembekile futhi kunembile mayelana nenqubo ngaphansi cwaningo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo enokwehla - a zaziwa kahle inqubo yesayensi, ogxile iphethini ngokukhethekile amiswa asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezithile, kuhlanganise inhlangano isampuli isifundo.

Ngo kwabantu kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwayo ezinkulu kolwazi: Ngokuvamile, zendawo ucwaningo zikhethe. Lesi sakamuva uvame esetshenziswa njengoba zenza kube lula, kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuhlela isampula efanele, njengoba lokhu kuzoya ukunemba kanye umnqopho ulwazi wathola. Isampula ku ucwaningo lwezenhlalo kwenziwe ngendlela yokuthi sibonisa nokuthambekela esivela lonke labantu (somphakathi womuzi, izwe, ubhoko ibhizinisi, njll). Ngakho, kunesidingo Imininingwane eyatholakala ngesikhathi lwezenhlalo inhlolovo 300-500 abantu kungaba extrapolated ukuze wonke umphakathi edolobheni futhi bonke abasebenzi enkampanini, okuyinto uyothatha elinye nibheke ifundelwe kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho izinqubo ethile esifundeni noma nomphakathi uwonke.

Isampula kulolu cwaningo uma wakhiwa iphethini athize kumelwe ulungiselele ukumelwa yayo, isb ukungaguquguquki kwalo ngokwesayensi, ukuphelela nobuqiniso idatha etholwe kulolu cwaningo, kanye nokwenzeka extrapolating ukuba wonkana zabantu. representativeness ukuqinisekisa izinkinga zithandwa eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ucabangele izibalo. Ubunzima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi sampuli ku ucwaningo lwezenhlalo inikeza hhayi kuphela umfanekiso ambalwa of wonkana (okungukuthi abantu abangenayo e isampuli kufanele kube ngokwanele ukuba agcine idatha etholwe lapho ucwaningo kungenzeka kudluliselwe nakulabo nomphakathi wonkana), kodwa futhi eliphezulu ukumelwa (isb kufanele zithunyelwe kuzo zonke izigcawu abanemibono kubalulekile salolu cwaningo). Ngakho, igama elithi "izibonelo zalokho" e kwabantu kubhekwa ezicini ezimbili. Okokuqala, ingaphansi ekutadisheni wonkana, kanti okwesibili, iyingxenye sesisonke, ukwakheka okufanele uhambisane nemigomo ye representativeness yayo.

Thola izinhlobo ezahlukene amasampula. Kungaba nokuguqulwa isampula, lapho iqembu labantu akhethiwe ngesisekelo voluntariness nokutholakala. Ngokuvamile, ucwaningo olunjalo kwenziwa ngeposi izincwadi abezindaba. Kuyinto uhlobo ukonga kakhulu isampula, kodwa futhi okungenani okuthembekile, ngoba izimo okungenani wemfanelo ummeleli. Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu uhlobo - amasampuli okungahleliwe. Kulokhu, kungenzeka ukuba bahlanganyele inhlolovo ukuze yinoma yiliphi ilungu lomphakathi. amasampuli okungahleliwe senziwa usebenzisa izinombolo okungahleliwe amathebula noma Ukukhetha ilotho lokukhanda. Ekugcineni, kukhona Ukukhetha wakubo noma quota. It is wadala ngezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, kwakhiwa isampula sisonke nazo zonke nemingcele ezidingekayo esifundweni. Khona-ke kukhona Ukukhetha e isampuli, ikhumbula lezi nemingcele.

Isampula uhlukaniswe ucwaningo lwezenhlalo futhi elula sesinyathelo esisodwa, esikhathini ye-serial, lapho njengoba iyunithi Ukukhetha ukuthatha umndeni, iqembu yezenhlalakahle noma professional, njll, kanye multi-esiteji, lapho ukukhethwa abaphendulayo ngezigaba eziningana, isibonelo, igatsha umkhakha - ibhizinisi - esitolo - ithimba, njll

A izibonelo zalokho eziklanywe kahle, ikhumbula zonke kwemigomo ukumelwa, inendima enkulu ucwaningo lwezenhlalo. Phela, ngokusekelwe idatha enokwehla etholwe kulolu cwaningo 10% kuphela abaphendula Ungaqonda izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka nomphakathi uwonke.