AG Spirkin, "Philosophy": unencwadi ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme

Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin - iyona Soviet, futhi kamuva isazi sefilosofi Russian kabani amabhuku zithandwa abafundi baseyunivesithi abafundi abafuna ukuba sikuqonde HORIZONS zabo nge. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlobi wabhala izinzuzo zakhe owaziwayo sixties kwekhulu elidlule, they nzonzobala awalulahlanga ukuqondana abo. Isiyalo, yena wanikela ukuphila kwakhe Alexander Spirkin - nefilosofi. Kodwa isazi sefilosofi akwaziwa ngocwaningo lwakhe endaweni ethile. Wazama kafushane, ngamafuphi nangokunembile nokuphimisela imiqondo eyisisekelo wefilosofi mlando emlandweni wawo kulabo abafisa ukufunda ngale ndaba futhi ngiyiqonde. Ake sizame elichaza lesi sifundo ukuhlola umthelela walesi imfundo yethu nentuthuko engokomoya.

biography

Spirkin AG, "Philosophy" owaba ncwadi inkomba usetha ekuqaleni abafundi Soviet nezazi, bese abantu abasha lamazwe CIS, eye waphila ukuphila kunzima kodwa ezithakazelisayo. Wazalwa ngo-1918 e-Saratov esifundeni, kodwa kuqala wafuna unikele ukuphila kwakhe kuya kwezokwelapha. Wathweswa iziqu kusukela eMoscow Isikhungo Ngokuzayo defectology sefilosofi ngakho ngaphambi kwempi, kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi ezihlakaniphile yesizukulwane sakhe, uboshwe ngamacala amanga, futhi kuze 1945 kwaba emakamu. Kube waba nesithakazelo "uthando kokuhlakanipha."

Lapho esededelwe, u-Alexander Spirkin waqale wazama ukusebenza okukhethekile, kodwa ke waba Zakhamizi Institute of Philosophy Academy of Sciences of USSR. PhD mqondo uvikela phezu Psychology social Plekhanov, futhi iziqu - ngenkinga umsuka ukwazi. Ngo-1970, i-umnikelo omkhulu waba uprofesa e 1974 - elihambisana ilungu eU.SSR Academy of Sciences. Uma abasha yobudala sefilosofi kwaba nesithakazelo ngokwengeziwe izinkinga lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical, kusukela sixties, lapho othanda yokufakelwa intelligence nemibono imibono cybernetics.

Umlando yencwadi

Alexander Spirkin wafundisa nefilosofi ezikhungweni ezahlukene zemfundo eMoscow. Wayefanele umqondo wayo ngalo nemfundo labafundi nezifinyezo zabo by ekupheleni zamashumi amahlanu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba kulowo mbhalo wesandla. Sekuyisikhathi eside Wafuna abanaye ngesisekelo ngokubhala izincwadi. sazi wakhe wesandla okuthiwa "Kubaluleka Philosophy". Spirkin wayinika All-Union mncintiswano izincwadi abafundi baseyunivesithi, futhi wafumana. Ngesisekelo le sefilosofi wesandla wanyathelisa namabhukwana eziningana, ngokushesha kwaduma kakhulu. Ngisho ngenkathi yokwakha kabusha futhi emva kokuwa izincwadi USSR Spirkina yayithandwa kakhulu. Ngo-1990, "Kubaluleka Philosophy" yakhe edumile abangu enyatheliswa endlini ukushicilela "Inqubekela" ngesiNgisi. Uhlelo yakamuva ebhukwinitifundvo yanyatheliswa ngo 2002 bese ngo-2005. Injalo elibuyekeziwe enyatheliswa "Gardariki". "Philosophy" Spirkina akwazi ukuqeda amafilosofi ephelelwe yisikhathi ulula, asendabeni isizinda futhi ukufunda nge isithakazelo kalula.

Izimpawu incwadi sisonke

ebhukwinitifundvo yakhe kumafilosofi Spirkin wazalwa uhlobo iqoqo ulwazi bahlangana yisintu kule ndawo. Kulotshiwe ngolimi ovamile, ngisho elithile ngendlela bokubeka indaba, eziningi imiqondo zichazwe etholakalayo. Yena ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi Umhlahlandlela kolwandle okuyimfihlakalo nefilosofi. Incwadi inezingxenye ezine. Lena izwi ezethula, lapho isazi sefilosofi kunikeza incazelo kulo mkhakha ulwazi, kanye cabangela umehluko yayo esuka emhlabeni. Lokhu kulandelwa isigaba ngomlando nefilosofi.

Inkulumo eyalandela enesihloko esithi uhlola Ngezinkinga ezijwayelekile zefilosofi ezifana khona, ulwazi nokuhlakanipha. Ingxenye yesithathu uhlola nefilosofi nomphakathi. Umbhali kafushane kodwa ngamafuphi kunikeza umbono mayelana nenkampani, ukukhula kwawo kanye izitayela, kanye izici zokuphila kwakhe ngokomoya. Lokhu okokufundisa yayidumile, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni 60-80 kwekhulu elidlule, phakathi kwezifundo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi oprofesa. Indlu ukushicilela "Gardariki" Weza kwefomu esifushanisiwe kakhulu. Kodwa uMnyango Wezemfundo uncoma ke njengoba ithuluzi abafundi.

abakaki

nefilosofi Alexander Spirkina unesithakazelo wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke njengoba uhlobo zamagama yolwazi evumela ukuxhuma futhi uthole kukhona enifana phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene isayensi namasiko. Esethulweni ebhukwinitifundvo yakhe, yena lilubiza ngokuthi quintessence kokuphila okungokomoya lesintu. Yena okholwa ukuthi bacabange kanjalo ayevela isifiso ukuqonda okushiwo imfihlakalo. Umuntu akakwazi yaneliswa umbono esinqunyiwe emhlabeni, yena unalo isidingo bezibona lephelele. Imibuzo injongo yokuphila futhi khona khona kwethu umgomo okahle kwaba njalo nesithakazelo kubantu. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi, okuyinto sithenjiswe kusele izingxenyana, ulwazi umahluko, ifilosofi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa ulwazi nokwazisa kwethu uwafake ohlelweni. Iphinde inquma zokuxhumana zangaphakathi phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene esiqonda ngayo izwe. Umbhali uchaza kafushane isakhiwo yolwazi zefilosofi, egcizelela yokuthi ke alitholakali nje kuphela ukuba ososayensi, kodwa abanye abantu okudala futhi zokudala.

Umlando wefilosofi

Ingxenye yokuqala yencwadi yiyona voluminous kakhulu. It siqukethe izahluko eziyisishiyagalombili. "Philosophy" Spirkina e mlando ingxenye unikeza umfundi umqondo wazo zonke ukujula kwengcebo ongqondongqondo esidlule. Isigaba iqala abalobi basendulo, ekubhekaneni amazwi Pythagoras, Thales, Heraclitus, Democritus, futhi uPlato futhi uhlelo Aristotle ezwakalayo. zingatholakala kule ngxenye bona umqondo ngokuvumelana yonke, ukungafi komphefumulo, ngisho kuthuthwa yayo kusukela umzimba eyodwa kuya kwenye, futhi kwakukhona amaGreki asendulo.

ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ekuseni nefilosofi yamaGreki - abagxeki,-Epikhuru, namaStoyiku, Neoplatonists. Sonke leso isahluko Sizokwenza umlando eyinkulungwane umcabango ephakathi. It libhekene kwenkathi wefilosofi European kusukela ngasekupheleni uphondo loMbuso WamaRoma Yempucuko. Umfundi Uzofunda ngezimfundiso Augustine, Fomy Akvinskogo, Roger Bacon. Bambalwa Amakhasi enikeziwe ifilosofi Yempucuko.

Umsuka wegama zabuna

Kakhulu kumbhali Cabangisisa Wayengubani u-Alexander Spirkin. "Philosophy", futhi ikakhulukazi esigabeni zomlando, lena ubufakazi. Unaka ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni umcabango European ekhulwini XVII- XVIII. It is kule izalwa lenqwaba Geniuses abangagcini nje waphenduka umbono yebuntfu ukuthula, kodwa washintsha nezindlela ngokuphelele ukuphila emphakathini. Qala-ke wabeka ezifana zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu njengoba Descartes futhi Hume ke ngempela umnikelo sina esenziwe abaholi we French Ukukhanyiselwa - uVoltaire, Diderot, uRousseau ukudala isimo ngenxa yothando intuthuko. Umnqopho kulesi sigaba igxile imidondoshiya wefilosofi German classical - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Feuerbach. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa enjalo ongqondongqondo Western Europe like Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, nabanye. Kukhona isahluko enikelwe nefilosofi Russian - kusukela Lomonosov futhi Radishcheva ukuba Dostoevsky futhi Soloviev.

Ukuhlakanipha, nenhlalakahle, ulwazi, kanye umphefumulo

Kusukela ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye kuya esahlukweni yeshumi nambili Spirkin AG ( "Philosophy", incwadi) Likhuluma ngamaphathi nemiqondo eyisisekelo kanye nemibandela. Siyazi ukuthi isidalwa (lapho sazi ikhomba esingokoqobo) ezinjalo, ubudlelwane phakathi ndaba, ezinyakazayo, isikhala kanye nesikhathi. Kuningi okuye kwashiwo mayelana nolwazi, izindlela futhi izimiso zalo zisebenza, kanye ngabe umuntu angakwazi ukuqonda emzungezile noma umiselwe njalo ukuhlala ngemuva iveli izinto ekusithekeni. Rise njengoba imibuzo okuphakade mayelana igunya nokuhlobana ukwazi nenhlalakahle. Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu babe mpikiswano zefilosofi, nabaphikisi waphula nemikhonto. Kusukela izimpendulo zale mibuzo kufanele sibe nesimo sengqondo ukuze indima yomuntu kwi-jikelele. ebhukwinitifundvo mlobi wabuye ugwala umahluko phakathi kokuba umgomo futhi ngabanye (bezibona "Mina"). Imibuzo eminingi ezingalindelekile futhi ezithakazelisayo ezithinta umuntu wesimanje, isibonelo, ubuhlobo olwazini nasokholweni, ukuba khona okungenzeka isizathu ezilwaneni, inkinga weqiniso, indima umuzwa nelwati kanye Wit, futhi, kubonakala kule ncwadi.

Ingxenye yesithathu

Njengoba isazi kaMarx ukuqina dialectical, e ebhukwinitifundvo yakhe "Philosophy" kwamanyuvesi Spirkin inike nesigaba okhethekile elalinikezelwe ukuphila emphakathini. Yena esifingqa theory eyisisekelo abafundi ukucabanga ngomlando ekukhuleni komphakathi. Umbhali uthi umphakathi ngoba uhlanga lwesintu, yini ukuhlaziya yayo ezomnotho nezombusazwe, futhi yiziphi amaqembu ayo abahlukene - amakilasi, kwezakhi, izizwe, nabantu, imindeni. Lesi sigaba Spirkin emuva emlandweni nefilosofi, ukubonisa ukuthi ukwazi umsuka isikhathi kwezenhlalo futhi baqonde okushiwo umphakathi wesintu, lapho aqala ukufunwa ekahle futhi lo mqondo intuthuko. Uhlola inkinga ezingozi emlandweni, indima mass ukunyakaza kanye nabantu, futhi inikeza imibono ehlukene mayelana amaphethini kanye ukuthambekela ekukhuleni komphakathi. Umbhali Sixoxa ezindabeni zokuziphatha, isintu, isiko, futhi inkinga iziphathimandla isimo maqondana womuntu ngamunye kanye namalungelo akhe.

okusho okokufundisa

izizukulwane eziningi abafundi kusuka izincwadi ezibhaliwe ngesisekelo imisebenzi Alexander Spirkina. Bafunda hhayi kuphela ukuthi yini nefilosofi, umlando walo izigaba eziyinhloko, kodwa futhi ukuthola logic, Metaphysics, sobuhle bayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imiBhalo ingxenye yayo esemqoka yadalwa kwamaSoviet, ngisho izinhlelo endala umbhali okhokhela bagxilise ingqondo ngokwengeziwe amaqiniso kuka imibono yabantu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela usetha ngokwayo ngaphandle ke izisebenzi. Yena echaza ngalesi sihloko, njengoba ezilandiswa kwezinye izincwadi, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ucabangela ezingokoqobo amasha kanye izitayela, ngisho ngesimo silula.

Spirkin, "Philosophy", unencwadi ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme: Reader Izibuyekezo

Abafundi ababefunda nefilosofi kule ncwadi futhi balungiselela ukulethwa Luhlolokulinganisa lwetivivinyo neluhlolo, kuba kakhulu udumo. Babhala ukuthi incwadi yonke imiqondo, imibandela kanye izimpikiswano kanye nezinkinga evezwe eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu akuzona nje ulimi ovamile, kodwa isitayela ezinhle tetemibhalo, mnandi futhi kujabulise. Lencwajana ukufunda kwelinye umoya, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyasiza nokumisa ulwazi wazigqokisa emashalofini. Indaba isethulo kuboniswa izindaba ezahlukene kanye nezibonelo ezivela ukuphila esisiza kuphela sokwetshisa ulwazi. Futhi abantu ziyazithanda nezincwadi zesayensi kanye ethandwa, zithi leli bhuku uma zingene, ukushintsha iso yomfundi ukuze izinto eziningi, ikwenza ucabange ngendlela ehlukile ukubheka umbuzo ukuthi ifilosofi empilweni kuyadingeka.