Atomic crystal ngehele

Noma yini esaluketshezi ngokwemvelo, njengoba yaziwa, yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane. Nazo ngokufanayo, kukhona exhunyiwe ukwakha isakhiwo ethile, okuyinto inquma izakhiwo ketshezi ethile.

I-athomu crystal ngehele nobuntu ukudla okuqinile futhi kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi nezingcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Empeleni, kuba ngenxa kulesi sakhiwo, idayimane, izinsimbi kanye nezinye izinto babe amandla isici.

Isakhiwo izinto ezinjalo ezingeni yamangqamuzana, ifana ngehele crystal, athomu ngasinye sazo eziboshiwe nomakhelwane wayo kwakwakhe okuqinile kakhulu ekhona ngokwemvelo - isibopho covalent. Zonke izici kulencane obumba isakhiwo ahlelwe i ngezikhawu ngokuhleleka futhi avamile. Ukumela grid lapho emakhoneni ukuzulazula kwama-athomu zitholakala, ezungezwe njalo inani elifanayo iziphuphutheki, e-athomu crystal ngehele cishe akashintshi oyiyo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ushintsho kwensimbi okumsulwa noma isakhiwo ingxubevange ungakwazi kuphela amalahle. Lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, izibopho oluqine eheleni.

Ngamanye amazwi, lo-athomu crystal ngehele kuyisihluthulelo amandla futhi nobulukhuni izinto. Nokho, kuleli cala, kufanele inake ukuthi ilungiselelo zama-athomu izinto ezihlukahlukene kungaba futhi ezahlukene, nakho, kuthinta degree of amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, idayimane kanye graphite, yenziwe ngohlobo carbon athomu efanayo, ngokwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ihluke nomunye ngokwesahluko kwamandla: idayimane - ketshezi sekukaningi emhlabeni, i-graphite kungaba exfoliate baphule. Iqiniso lokuthi e-ngehele crystal zama-athomu graphite ahlelwe izingqimba. ugqinsi ngalunye sifana yeseli bee lapho ama-athomu carbon Lwendzabuko kuvela buthaka kakhulu. isakhiwo esinjalo kubangela egqinsiwe ipensela ebhidlikayo kuholela: uma zokugwema ukuphuka we-graphite omane ehlutshiwe off. Enye into - diamond crystal ngehele esakhiwa ujabule carbon athomu, isb labo ekwazi ukwakha 4 obuqinile. Ukucekela ukuthi kungenzeki ngokuhlanganyela.

Metal eheleni: ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa izici ezithile:

1. Inkathi ngehele - ukubaluleka ngokuchaza ibanga phakathi izikhungo zama-athomu amabili eduze kukalwa ubambo ngehele. notation Common yalo kuhlukile izibalo: a, b, c - ubude, ububanzi, ukuphakama eheleni, ngokulandelana. Ngokusobala, ubukhulu izibalo ezincane ukuze ibanga likalwa amayunithi kencanikhulu - ingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi a nanometer noma amayunithi angstrom.

2. - inombolo ukubambisana. Inkomba ukuthi inquma ukuminyana nokupakisha ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ngaphakathi elifanayo. Ngakho, ukuminyana yayo mkhulu, ayanda inombolo K. Empeleni, lesi sibalo futhi limelela-athomu ezisebusweni eduze ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ngesikhathi ibanga elilinganayo kusuka athomu ifundelwe.

3. Isisekelo ngehele. Inani esibonisa ngehele kwabantu. It bamela inombolo ephelele ngama-athomu, bangabanye yeseli esithile ngaphansi cwaningo.

4. compactness isici kukalwa ngokubala Imininingwane ngehele ivolumu ehlukaniswa ivolumu ukuthi luthathe zonke ukuzulazula kwama-athomu therein. Njengomhlaba odlule ezimbili, lesi silinganiso ibonisa kwabantu nehele wafunda.

Sesihlole izinto ezimbalwa kuphela, okuyinto sici-athomu crystal ngehele. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isibalo esikhulu kubo. Naphezu kokuhlukahluka omkhulu, crystalline ngehele-athomu kuhlanganisa amayunithi njalo zixhunywe isibopho covalent (polar noma nonpolar). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinjalo cishe zingaxazululeki amanzi amaningi futhi ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo.

Emvelweni, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu crystal ngamahele: i-cubic umzimba yiwona osenkabeni, ubuso igxile cubic, olunezinhlangothi eduze igcwele.