UMariya Kyuri. Maria Sklodowska-Curie: A Biography. Marii Kyuri University e Lublin

Emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho kulinganiswa kanye kancane econsa isikhathi izintokazi egqoka corsets, futhi abesifazane kakade kokushada, kwakudingeka ukuba sihambisane ukuvela (ukulima ukuze uhlale ekhaya), Kyuri uMariya waklonyeliswa imiklomelo emibili kaNobel: e 1908 - i-physics, ngo-1911 - kwamakhemikhali. Wathatha eziningi zokuqala, kodwa mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuthi uMariya wenza revolution yangempela ukwazi komphakathi. Abesifazane ngemva kokuba wangena ngesibindi ku isayensi ngaphandle kokwesaba phezu ingxenye yomphakathi yesayensi, ehlanganisa ngaleso sikhathi amadoda, ukuklolodelwa kuleli qembu. Amazing umuntu kwaba uMariya Kyuri. Umlando unikezwe ngezansi ngeke ukukukhuthaza lokhu.

umsuka

I isibongo sasekhaya yowesifazane kwaba Sklodowska. Ubaba wakhe, Vladislav Sklodovsky, futhi lathweswa iziqu ngo-ngesikhathi esifanele Petersburg University. Khona-ke wabuyela Warsaw ukufundisa mathematics ne-physics esikoleni esiphakeme. Umkakhe, Bronislava, equkethwe yezivakashi nge wabhaliswa amantombazane yesikole. Wasiza emhlabeni umyeni wakhe, yena ayethanda abanothando lokufunda. Wonke umkhaya sinezingane ezinhlanu. Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Manya igama lakhe njengoba ingane) - omncane kunathi sonke.

Warsaw ebuntwaneni

ebuntwaneni ukuthi ukhwehlela umama. Bronisław ake waba nesifo sofuba. Washona lapho uMariya wayeneminyaka engu-11 kuphela ubudala. Ilukuluku kanye nekhono ukufunda Sklodowska ezahlukene zonke izingane, futhi Manu kwaba akunakwenzeka ukuba likhiphe kude incwadi. Uyise wakhuthaza bekungenzeka kanjani uthando lokufunda ezinganeni zabo. Into kuphela ukuthi uphatheke kabi umndeni, - nesidingo sokutadisha ngesiRashiya. Esikhathini isithombe esingenhla - endlini lapho wazalwa wachitha ebuntwaneni Maria. Manje nansi emnyuziyamu.

Isimo e-Poland

ke Poland eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso Russian. Ngakho-ke, zonke lolimi elawulwa izikhulu isiRashiya, ukuthi zonke izinto babe ngolimi ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Izingane babe ngisho nemithandazo Catholic ukufunda isiRashiya, kodwa hhayi awabo, lapho Bathandaza wakhuluma ekhaya. Vladislav ngenxa lokhu ngokuvamile isidina. Phela, ngezinye izikhathi umfundi, kahle ezibalweni, okuyinto kahle ixazululwe in izinkinga Polish ezahlukene, konke kusenjalo "Tupelo" lapho kudingeka ukuthi ushintshele ku-isi-Russian, okuyinto wayengeke azi. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, bebone konke lokhu kuthotshiswa, Maria nke ukuphila kwakhe kwesikhathi esizayo, Nokho, efana nezinye izakhamuzi zaseMpumalanga isimo, idabukile ngesikhathi ngaphandle kwaba Patriot abanolaka and ilungu seqiniso we fraternities waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha Polish.

lokukholisa nodade

Le ntombazane Kwakungelula sikhule engenanina. Ubaba njalo esemsebenzini, othisha pedantic esikoleni esiphakeme ... Manya abangane kakhulu Zempi, udadewabo. Bavumelana ngokuthi izingane zabo ukuthi kuzokwenzekani, futhi ngizoqiniseka ukufunda okwengeziwe, ngemuva kokuphela sokuzivocavoca. E Warsaw, imfundo ephakeme sasingakwazi kuthola e kuyilapho abesifazane, ngakho waphinde waphupha we Sorbonne. Isivumelwano kwaba kanje: Zempi lokuqala uzoqala izifundo zabo njengoba yena kudala. Kodwa Manya ngeke uthole imali imfundo yakhe. Lapho ezwa mayelana udokotela, ngokushesha uqala ukufunda Manya nodadewabo ngeke kumsize kakhulu. Nokho, kwathi iphupho Paris esalibele cishe 5 iminyaka.

Jobe umphathi

Manya kwafika umphathi esimweni we Pike, abantwana bakwa-umninindawo endawo ocebile. Abanikazi awawazisanga ingqondo eliqhakazile intombazane. Ngezinye zonke izinyathelo, bemnika ukuqonda ukuthi nje inceku abampofu. Le ntombazane Pike wahlala kanzima, kodwa kwayena ehlushwa ngenxa Zempi. Bobabili nodadewethu kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme nge wendondo yegolide. UMfoweth 'Yusef (futhi ngenhlanhla igolide medalist) waya Warsaw, wangena Faculty Medical. Elia futhi ngithola indondo kodwa izimangalo wakhe babengabalandeli nesizotha. Wanquma ukuhlala noyise ukusebenzisa emnothweni. udade 4th ingane eshonile umndeni, lapho wayesaphila, nonina. Ngokuvamile, Vladislav angababaza kufanele siziqhenye izingane zabo okusele.

I lover kuqala

Izingane ezinhlanu babe Maria abaqashi. Wafundisa Encane, kodwa eholidini wayevame Kazimierz, izibulo. Wakhuluma i umphathi obungajwayelekile. It ifakwe ukuzimela esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba intombazane langaleso sikhathi ayijwayelekile, it is ngezicathulo, elandele indlela efanele yokuphila okugwedla ongahambi, skilfully imithetho kanye nezisebenzi ukhwele. Nokho, njengoba kamuva wavuma Kazimierz, othanda ukubhala izinkondlo nokufunda izincwadi eembalweni, okwakungathi izinkondlo zakhe.

Phakathi intsha emva kwesikhashana kwakukhona umuzwa kaPlato. Manu shí yithemba ngenxa yokuthi abazali lover wakhe wokuzidla wawungeke wamvumela ukuba uxhumanise isiphetho sabo nge umphathi. Kazimierz wafika ngamaholidi kanye namaholide, kanye nabo bonke abanye isikhathi wayehlala a okulindele umhlangano. Kodwa manje sekuyisikhathi umhlalaphansi bese uya Paris. Manya kwesokunxele Pike bokwehlukana - ahlale esikhathini esidlule Kazimierz futhi akhanyiswe uthando iminyaka yokuqala.

Khona-ke, lapho ukuphila Maria oneminyaka engu-27 ubudala uzobe Per Kyuri, ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi siyoba esithembekile kumyeni wakhe. Izinto kuzohluka esimweni naye - obungenamaphupho enobudlova futhi imizwa nokuqubuka. Mhlawumbe Mary nje uthola amadala?

Kudivayisi Paris

Wafika 1891 eFrance. Zempi nomyeni wakhe, Kazimierz Dlusskiy ngisebenze njengomqaphi udokotela, waqala banakekele wakhe. Nokho, Maria juqu (Paris, waqala ukubiza yena Marie) abamelana lalokho. Wathatha off ekamelweni lakhe siqu, kanye libhaliswe Sorbonne, e-faculty of natural sciences. Marie ukuhlala eParis engxenyeni Latin. Imitapo, laboratories, namanyuvesi kukhona kamakhelwane kubo. Dlusskiy wasiza udadewabo sokubuyisa isandla iloli okungokwakhe lomkakhe nesizotha. Marie wenqaba ukuba axazulule nabanye intombazane ukuze ukhokhele egumbini kancane - ayekufuna ukubhekana sekwephuzile futhi athule. isabelomali kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe e 1892, ama-ruble angu-40, noma ama-franc 100 ngenyanga, isb. E. 3 nge Franc kancane nsuku zonke. Futhi-ke kwakudingekile ukuze ukhokhele egumbini, izingubo, ukudla, izincwadi, ezincwadini kanye ukuqeqeshwa eNyuvesi ... Yena okuqoqiwe ekudleni kwakho. Futhi njengoba wasebenza kanzima kakhulu, ngokushesha waquleka kwesokudla ekilasini. Afunda nabo esikolweni wagijimela ucele usizo Dlusskiy. Babuye wathatha kuye kuMariya ukuze akwazi ukukhokha ngaphansi kwezindlu kanye udle kahle.

Ajwayelane Pierre

Omunye walabo engangifunda nabo esikoleni Mary wamcela ukuba uvakashele physics esidumile evela ePoland. Wabe kuqala wabona indoda naye wayemiselwe kamuva ukunqoba ukuqashelwa international. Nakuba intombazane 27, futhi Pierre - engu-35. Lapho Marie wangena egumbini lokuphumula, wema emphemeni emnyango. Wazama ukuyihlola, futhi ilanga wangawubona. Ngakho sasihlangana uMariya Sklodovskaya futhi Per Kyuri.

Pierre yayizimisele isayensi ngayo yonke inhliziyo yami. Abazali wazama kaningana ukwethula kuye owesifazane umshado, kodwa dine ngaphumeleli - bona bonke okwabonakala kuye boring, abayiziphukuphuku nabangahlakaniphile eziyize. Futhi ngalobo busuku, ukukhuluma Marie, wabona ukuthi wayethole i interlocutor alinganayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, sasenza umsebenzi, ngaphambilini Umphakathi wakhe ngoba Sikhuthazo National Imboni, izakhiwo kazibuthe amamaki ahlukahlukene steel. Marie basanda kuqala ukufunda endaweni yokucwaninga ye Hugo Liepmann. Futhi ngemva kwabo wasebenza School of Physics ne Chemistry of Pierre bekulokhu ucwaningo ku uzibuthe ngisho ukuvula kubo, "Curie". Abantu abasha wayexoxa obakhathalelayo. Pierre Marie abaxosha phambi ukuthi ekuseni waya emasimini ukukhetha daisy othandiweyo wakhe.

lomshado

Pierre and Marie Julayi 14, 1895, sashada futhi waya Ile-de-France eholidini langemva komshado wabo. Kube babefunda, ugibele emabhayisikili, yokuxoxa ngezihloko ngokwesayensi. Pierre ngisho ngenxa umkakhe osemusha baqala ukufundisa lesiPolish ...

umhlangano kubalulekile

Ngesikhathi ukuzalwa Irène indodakazi yabo yokuqala, makoti Marie usevikele mqondo yakhe zobudokotela nomkakhe iziqu kuqala edition yakhe eNyuvesi Sorbonne. Ekupheleni 1897 yocwaningo uzibuthe sekuphothuliwe kanti Kyuri uMariya waqala ukufuna ngesihloko mqondo. Ngalesi sikhathi lo mbhangqwana wahlangana ne Anri Bekkerelem, physics. Wavula ngonyaka odlule ukuthi uranium compounds ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana emisebeni okuyinto lingena ngokujulile. Kwakuyiqiniso Ngokungafani-X-ray, yasekhaya uranium impahla. Kyuri uMariya, wathwalwa yizingelosi into engaqondakali, wanquma ukuhlola ke. Pierre ukubeka phansi umsebenzi wabo ukuze asize umkakhe.

Ukuvulwa lokuqala futhi ekunikezelweni uMklomelo KaNobel

Pierre uMariya Kyuri e 1898 wavula izakhi ezintsha 2. Eyokuqala babiza polonium (ngemva lenkaba Marie, Poland), kanti eyesibili - Radium. Njengoba kungukuthi ngamnyama akekho noma omunye isici, akunakwenzeka ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ukhona yabo bamakhemikhali. Futhi eyalandela 4 umbhangqwana likhishwe Radium futhi polonium kusukela uranium-ore. Pierre uMariya Kyuri kusukela ekuseni kuze kube umsebenzi ebusuku engotsheni schelyastom wawuchayeke emisebeni. Lezi zithandani walishisa phambi bakuqaphela izifundo ingozi. Nokho, banquma ukuba baqhubeke kubo! Unkosikazi ngo-September 1902 wathola 1/10 we igremu ka Radium chloride. Kodwa polonium behluleka ukuhlukanisa - kwacaca ukuthi, kwaba umkhiqizo Radium kwamazinyo. Ukushisa kanye luminescence bluish sasikhipha usawoti Radium. It yabakhanga emhlabeni sisetshenziselwa izinto kumnandi. Ngo-December 1903 umbhangqwana waklonyeliswa ngokubambisana Becquerel uMklomelo KaNobel physics. Kyuri iMari yayisiqala owesifazane wokuqala owawuthola!

Ukulahleka umyeni wakhe

Indodakazi yesibili, u-Eva, wazalwa kubo ngo-December 1904. Ngesikhathi isimo zezimali zasekhaya ziye zathuthuka kakhulu. Pierre waba uprofesa womkhakha wesayensi eSorbonne, nomkakhe wasebenza ngomyeni wakhe ikhanda elabhorethri. Umcimbi esabekayo kwenzeka ngo- April 1906. ukufa Pierre sika wehliswa crew. Maria Sklodowska-Curie wayeshonelwe umyeni, naye futhi umngane engcono, lekile ngoba ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

Eyesibili uMklomelo KaNobel

Kodwa ukuphila waqhubeka. Owesifazane ukuba bagxile ukwabiwa Radium metallic injalo okuhlanzekile, hhayi compounds yayo. Wazamukela yalolu ketshezi ngo-1910 (ngokubambisana A. Debirnom). UMariya Kyuri wathola ke lokho futhi kwafakazela ukuthi Radium - isici zamakhemikhali. Indlela ayeyithanda ngayo ngisho wayefuna ukuthatha ilungu French Academy of Sciences, ngemva impumelelo enkulu, kodwa mpikiswano zenzeka, yaqala kokuyenga emaphephandabeni, futhi wagcina machismo. Ngo-1911, Marie waklonyeliswa 2nd uMklomelo KaNobel Chemistry. Waba isakhamuzi sokuqala ukuba ukhishwa kabili.

Imisebenzi Radievskom Institute

Ukuze ucwaninge radioactivity yasungulwa Radievsky Institute ngokushesha ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Curie wasebenza lapha emkhakheni eliyisisekelo ucwaningo radioactivity futhi izicelo bezokwelapha. Phakathi nempi yena abaqeqeshiwe Radiology yezokwelapha lempi, isibonelo, ukuthola emzimbeni eziyingozi ngu-X ray, enikeziwe ephathekayo imishini-X-ray iyahola. Irene, nendodakazi yakhe, waba ngomunye wabangu-odokotela, okuyinto wayesifundisa.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngisho eminyakeni eyalandela ke baqhubeka nemisebenzi yayo uMariya Kyuri. Umlando Omfushane le minyaka ibhalwe kanje: wasebenza odokotela, abafundi ukubhala amaphepha ucwaningo, futhi yakhipha Biography of umyeni wakhe. Marie uhambo ePoland, okuyinto eye ekugcineni ithola uzibuse walo. Wabuye wavakashela e-United States, lapho wahlangana ukunqoba futhi lapho ethulwa ukuqhubeka ukuhlola 1 igremu ka Radium (izindleko zawo, ngendlela, okulingana ukubaluleka ezingaphezu kuka-200 kg igolide). Nokho, nokuxhumana izinto radioactive okwenziwe ngokwayo wazizwa. Impilo yakhe yawohloka, futhi ngo-July 4, 1934 Kyuri uMariya eyabulawa umdlavuza wegazi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-French Alps, esibhedlela elincane elise Sansellemoze.

Marii Kyuri University e Lublin

Ukuze kuhlonishwe Curies ngokuthi chemical isici ngesinye isibukezo (№ 96). Futhi igama lalo muntu wesifazane enkulu uMariya immortalized igama University of Lublin (Poland). Ungomunye kwekulu Poland, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme okuqondene isimo. University of Marii Kyuri-Sklodowska University eyasungulwa ngo-1944, phambi ke isikhumbuzo, okuvezwe lapha esithombeni ngenhla. Umphathi wokuqala futhi umhleli lokhu semfundo baba Hlobanisa UProfesa Genrih Raabe. Namuhla, it siqukethe ikhono 10 ezilandelayo:

- Chemistry.

- Biology kanye biotechnology.

- Ubuciko.

- Ubuntu.

- Philosophy futhi Sociology.

- Pedagogy futhi Psychology.

- Earth Sciences futhi Spatial Ukuhlela.

- Mathematics, Physics and Informatics.

- Amalungelo kanye nokubusa.

- Science Political.

- Pedagogy futhi Psychology.

University of Marii Kyuri ngakhetha ukufunda abafundi abangaphezu kuka-23.5 ayizinkulungwane angaba ngu-500 kubo -. Abezinye.