Kyuri Per: impumelelo yezesayensi. UMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa-physics, Pierre and Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - Ephreli 19, 1906) yaba se-physics isiFulentshi, iphayona elineminyaka engaphezudlwana crystallography, uzibuthe, piezoelectricity futhi radioactivity.

indaba yempumelelo

Ngaphambi wahlanganyela ucwaningo ngumkayo - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri yayisivele edumile futhi ehlonishwa emhlabeni physics. Ndawonye nomfowabo Jacques, wathola lo mkhuba piezoelectricity, lapho crystal kungaba kagesi athuthukisiwe, futhi owasungula le izikali asebenza ngebhethri. Umsebenzi wakhe phezu wesimethri amakristalu kanye nokutholakele ubudlelwane uzibuthe futhi izinga lokushisa futhi uvunywe iningi lososayensi. Waxoxela uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1903 e-physics kanye Anri Bekkerelem nomkakhe Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre nomkalo, wadlala indima ebalulekile e kokutholakala Radium futhi polonium, izinto eziye kwakufanele nomthelela ku isintu izakhiwo okusebenzayo kanye zenuzi. emshadweni wabo eyasungulwa lwamakhosi yesayensi: izingane nabazukulu bezifundo zesayensi ezidumile futhi bebé ososayensi abaziwayo.

Marie Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre wazalelwa e Paris, France, emndenini Sophie-Kler Depui, indodakazi Umnikazi wefemu, uDkt Eugene Curie, udokotela abathanda ifilosofi. Uyise asekelwe umndeni zokwelapha nesizotha, kanyekanye ukwanelisa uthando lwakhe ngesayensi. Ezhen Kyuri khona idealist futhi lo mama engumKatolika zeriphabhuliki, futhi wasungula esibhedlela abalimele ngesikhathi Khulumani ka 1871.

Pierre imfundo pre-eyunivesithi ekhaya. Wafundisa lokuqala ngunina, bese - ubaba nomfowethu omdala, uJacques. Yena ikakhulukazi wayethanda le uhambo emaphandleni, lapho Pierre ayengazibona futhi ufunde mayelana izitshalo nezilwane, sokwakha uthando bemvelo, esigcinwe esaphila, owawungumnyaka kuphela ukuzilibazisa kwakhe futhi aziphumulele phakathi nenkonzo yakho okwalandela ngokwesayensi. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-14, le ndoda yabonisa ukuthambekela eqinile ukuze umthwalo wesayensi futhi waqala ukufunda wezibalo, ngubani kwamsiza wahlakulela isipho sakhe kule nokuyala, ikakhulu ukumelwa kwendawo.

Curie umfana wabukela ucwaningo olwenziwa uyise, itholé Ukuthanda izifundo zokuhlola.

Of kunodokotela e Physics

Pierre ulwazi emkhakheni physics kanye mathematics Wamletha 1875. Bachelor of Science degree eneminyaka engu-nesithupha.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-18, wathola iziqu okulingana eSorbonne, eyaziwa nangokuthi i- University of Paris, kodwa hhayi ngokushesha langena uhlelo zobudokotela ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Kunalokho, wakhonza njengombonisi umsizi laboratory at alma yakhe Mater ngo-1878, abe umsizi uPawulu Desena, obhekene nomsebenzi laboratory abafundi-zesayensi. Nakuba umfowabo Jacques wasebenza endaweni yokucwaninga ye mineralogy eSorbonne, futhi baqala esikhathini elikhiqizayo iminyaka emihlanu ukubambisana ngokwesayensi.

Yiqiniso ukuze umshado uphumelele

Ngo-1894, Pierre wahlangana nenkosikazi yakhe ephakeme yesikhathi esizayo - Mariey Sklodovskoy, owayefundelwa physics kanye mathematics eSorbonne, washada Julayi wakhe 25, 1895, Esenze lomshado civil ngomkhosi ongenamicikilisho. Tholakele njengoba lomshado imali samanje Maria esetshenziselwa ukuthengwa amabhayisikili ezimbili, okuyikho okwenza umbhangqwana ube nayo yathatha uhambo wedding kuya izifundazwe French, futhi ababe abaziphilisa eyinhloko ukuzilibazisa iminyaka eminingi. Ngo-1897 bona saba nendodakazi, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, umama Pierre washona. UDkt Curie iyiswe mbhangqwana osemusha futhi wasiza banakekele umzukulu wami, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre and Marie wazinikela imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngokubambisana ezikhonjwe polonium futhi Radium, babengamaphayona ekuhloleni radioactivity futhi waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa leli gama. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, kuhlanganise mqondo abadumile zobudokotela Maria, ayesebenzisa idatha kusuka electrometer ebucayi piezoelectric, adalwe Pierre nomfowabo Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography usosayensi

Kodwa ngo-1880, yena nomfowabo omdala Jacques kwabo kwabonisa ukuthi laba kokucindezelwa we crystal i engaba kagesi, piezoelectricity. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho (at 1881 ngonyaka) iye yabonisa ukuba nomphumela ophambene: zinhlayiya kungenziwa zikhubazekile ensimini kagesi. Cishe zonke electronics digital namuhla zisebenzisa lesi simanga efomini crystal oscillators.

Ngaphambi mqondo yakhe edumile zobudokotela ze-uzibuthe sokulinganisa okuza kazibuthe physics French isungule phelelisa i torsion ibhalansi ebucayi kakhulu. ukuguqulwa wabo wafike wasetshenziselwa futhi kulandelwa abacwaningi kulo mkhakha.

Pierre wafunda ferromagnetism, paramagnetism futhi diamagnetism. Wathola futhi kuchazwe ukwencika into abazokwazi uzibuthe ngu izinga lokushisa, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi umthetho Curie. I njalo kule mthetho ubizwa ngokuthi i-Curie njalo. Pierre futhi wathola ukuthi izinto ferromagnetic abe lokushisa esibucayi sokushintshela, ngenhla lapho ulahlekelwe impahla yayo ferromagnetic. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ubizwa ngokuthi Curie iphuzu.

Isimiso okuyinto uklame Per Kyuri, imfundiso wesimethri, wukuthi imiphumela engokomzimba kungabangela asymmetry, ukungabi khona kubangela. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlanganisela okungahleliwe isihlabathi asymmetry weightlessness ayinakho (isihlabathi kuyinto isotropic). Ngaphansi kwethonya gravity ngenxa asymmetry isiqondiso ensimini kuphakama. Oluthile lokudla "ihlelwa" e ukuminyana, okwandisa ne ukujula. Kodwa empeleni leli elisha kuyizinhlayiyana iqondiswe interposition isihlabathi ibonisa asymmetry zasendle okudonsa, okubangela ngokuhlukana.

radioactivity

Pierre et Marie umsebenzi radioactivity yayisekelwe imiphumela X ray nakuma-Anri Bekkerelya. Ngo 1898, ngemva kocwaningo olujulile bathola polonium futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva - Radium, ukwaba 1 g kwalesi sakhi amakhemikhali uraninite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathola ukuthi beta imisebe olunegethivi icala izinhlayiya.

Ukuvulwa Pierre and Marii Kyuri okudinga umzamo omkhulu. Ayikho imali eyanele, futhi ukonga zokuhamba izindleko, ukusebenza bona Awunawo. Ngempela, iholo likathisha kwaba ongatheni, kodwa lo mbhangqwana waqhubeka ososayensi ukuba banikele ngesikhathi sabo nemali yokwenza ucwaningo.

Ukutholakala polonium

Imfihlo yempumelelo yabo ekusebenziseni Wings Curie indlela entsha ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali, esekelwe silinganiso esinembile yokukhishwa kwemisebe. izidakamizwa ngamunye wabekwa omunye amapuleti we capacitor, futhi electrometer usebenzisa asebenza ngebhethri piezoelectric walinganisa emoyeni conductivity. Lokhu ubuningi kuyinto ezilinganiselwe okuqukethwe lomcebo asebenzayo ezifana uranium noma cindezela.

Lo mbhangqwana ngahlola inqwaba uxhumano izakhi cishe zonke ezaziwayo futhi yathola ukuthi kuphela uranium futhi cindezela kuyinto enemisebe. Noma kunjalo, wanquma ulinganise emisebeni esikhishwa imikhando kusukela zazo ekhishwe uranium futhi cindezela, ezifana halkolit futhi uraninite. Ore wabonisa umsebenzi kwaba izikhathi 2.5 obukhulu kunobukaJohane uranium. Ngemva ukwelashwa nge ezisalayo acid, futhi kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, zathola ukuthi imfuyo akuzo zonke ukusabela ephelezelwa bismuth. Noma kunjalo, baye baphumelela ngezinga division ngokwengxenye, siphawula ukuthi sulfide bismuth lingaphansi oluyingozi ngaphandle sulfide liyisici entsha, basibiza ngokuthi i polonium behlonipha Marii Kyuri ezweni of Poland.

Radium nokushiswa ngemisebe, uMklomelo KaNobel

Disemba 26, 1898 futhi Jacques Curie Bemoni, inhloko ucwaningo "Isikole kaMasipala Industrial Physics ne Chemistry", ngumbiko oya kwi-Academy of Sciences yamemezela kokutholakala element omusha, basibiza ngokuthi i Radium.

physics isiFulentshi, kanye wabafundi bakhe okokuqala kwembulwa amandla ye-athomu, ukuthola okuqhubekayo izinhlayiya ukushisa emisebeni isici eyayisanda kutholakala. Wabuye uphenyo emisebeni ye izinto radioactive, futhi ngosizo kazibuthe, wakwazi ukucacisa ukuthi ezinye izinhlayiya sasikhipha kuthiwa kahle icala, elinye - in the ezimbi, kanti abanye babelungisa ukudla hlangothi. wathola Ngakho-alpha, beta-gamma ngemisebe.

Curie wabelane uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics 1903 yena nomkakhe, Anri Bekkerelem. It waklonyeliswa ngekuvuma inkonzo okungavamile banikela nge abacwaningi yabo imihlola emisebeni wathola uProfesa Becquerel.

eminyakeni yamuva

Per Kyuri, ogama okutholakele ekuqaleni abazange kwamukelwa kabanzi eFrance, okuyinto akamvumelanga ukuthatha esihlalweni yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni kanye mineralogy eSorbonne, waya e-Geneva. Lo mnyakazo ukushintsha izinto zingachazwa ngezinqubo imibono yakhe leftist nokungavumelani phezu nemigomo Third Republic maqondana isayensi. Ngemva candidacy yaphonswa off ngo-1902, ngo-1905 wabe esengeniswa Academy.

Isithunzi uMklomelo KaNobel, kuye kwashukumisela iPhalamende French e-1904 ukusungula professorship entsha ngoba Curie eSorbonne. Pierre wathi akazange ahlale eSikoleni Physics, kuyilapho kukhona ngeke ngokugcwele usekelwa elabhorethri nge nenombolo ledzingekako abasizi. kwamhlangabeza funa yakhe, noMariya ephethwe yakhe yokucwaninga.

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1906 Per Kyuri sekumi ngomumo, ekugcineni, ngokokuqala ngqa ukuba ngiqale umsebenzi ezimweni ezifanele, yize wayegula ukhathele kakhulu.

April 19, 1906, eParis, ngesikhathi sekhefu, ayesuka enomhlangano nozakwabo eSorbonne, wedlula ezishelelayo emvuleni Rue Dauphine Curie washelela phambi ihhashi ukuthutha. Usosayensi washona engozini. Ukufa kwakhe kungakabi isikhathi, noma imidlalo ebanga usizi, kodwa, wamsiza ukuba aphunyuke ukufa kusukela lokuthi Per Kyuri wathola - yokuchayeka emisebeni, futhi kamuva wabulala nomkakhe. Lo mbhangqwana ungcwatshwe ku Crypt we onkulunkulu Paris.

Ifa usosayensi

I-radioactivity ka Radium kwenza kube esiyingozi kakhulu. chemical isici. Ososayensi wayazi kuphela ngemuva kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuze azenze zikhanye dials, panel, amawashi, kanye namanye amathuluzi e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili aqala sinomthelela impilo ochwepheshe kanye abathengi. Nokho, Radium chloride isetshenziswa umuthi wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza.

Polonium lithole ezihlukahlukene ngokoqobo ezisezikhungweni ezimbonini kanye zenuzi. It is owaziwa zibe nobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu futhi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ushevu. Mhlawumbe okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa yayo njengendlela fuse neutron for izikhali zenuzi.

Ukuze kuhlonishwe Pierre Curie ku-Radiology Congress ngo-1910 ngemva kokufa Physics iye okuthiwa iyunithi radioactivity elilingana 3.7 x Okthoba ¹⁰ disintegrations ngesekhondi noma 37 gigabecquerels.

Isayensi lwamakhosi

Izingane nabazukulu bezifundo zesayensi futhi bebé ososayensi abaqavile. Indodakazi yabo, u-Irène washada Frederika Zholio futhi ngo-1935 bobabili bathola uMklomelo KaNobel kwamakhemikhali. Indodakazi abasebasha Eva, owazalwa ngo-1904, washada ohlakaniphile American kanye nomqondisi we-UN CHILDREN'S FUND. Nanguya nombhali biography of kunina: "Mma Curie" (1938), ehunyushelwe ezilimini eziningana.

Umzukulu - uHélène Langevin-Joliot - waba uprofesa womkhakha wesayensi yenuzi e-University of Paris, nomzukulu wakhe - Pierre Joliot-Curie futhi ogama lakhe behlonipha kumkhulu wakhe - samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo owaziwa.