I eyiNgisi, ngubani wabeka izisekelo antiseptics. umlando antiseptics

Sivame ukuzwa yigama lezokwelapha "isinqandakuvunda". Iningi labo ekhemisi, futhi kudingeka. Kodwa kuyini na? Kungani isicelo? Yini liqukethe? Futhi ubani le ndoda ukuze ngaye izwe ukweleta indalo yayo? Kulesi sihloko sizogxila kanjani le mithi babe, lokho abayikho nokuthi kungani kudingeka.

antiseptics

Kukhona lonke uhlelo wezinyathelo kukho ukubhubha isilonda, nezicubu kanye nezinhlaka, futhi emzimbeni zabantu bebonke nezilwanyana ezincane ayingozi angabangela ukuvuvukala izikhungo. uhlelo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i isinqandakuvunda, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "abolile". Leli gama kwaze lokuqala waqamba British udokotela ohlinzayo D. Pingle e 1750. Nokho, Pingle - hhayi eyiNgisi, ngubani wabeka izisekelo antiseptics, okuyinto ungase ucabange. Wavele echazwe umphumela magciwane we-quinine, futhi salethwa ukuba umqondo ajwayelekile.

Kakade negama elilodwa ungakwazi ukuqonda ukusebenza kwalezi zimali. Ngakho antiseptics - yizidakamizwa e izilonda ezihlukahlukene izicubu kanye izitho ukuvimbela ubuthi igazi. Ngamunye wethu ajwayelekile kusuka ebuntwaneni ne elula iningi labo - kuyinto iodine kanye oluhlaza ekhaliphile. Futhi endala, esetshenziswa njengoba ekuseni njengoba esikhathini sikaHippocrates, babe uviniga utshwala. Isikhathi esining impela, welithi "isinqandakuvunda" kuyinto kudidaniswe elinye ihlandla - ". magciwane" Antiseptics babe spectrum ezibanzi isinyathelo, ngoba zihlanganisa wonke amanxusa magciwane, kuhlanganise izibulali-magciwane.

ngamakhambi

Kukhona into okuthiwa yemvelo isinqandakuvunda. Kuyinto, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, ikhemikhali asenziwanga owenziwe umuntu futhi Imvelo uqobo lwayo. Isibonelo - ijusi izitshalo ezifana Aloe noma ewusizo ukukhwehlela anyanisi.

antiseptics amaningi akhiwa ngezinto zemvelo. Lena zezinkambi ezahlukene herbal, okuhlanganisa wort iSt John sika, Yarrow noma esikweyoku. Lokhu kuhlanganisa hhayi engaziwa itiyela insipho elenziwe ngesisekelo birch itiyela tincture "Evkalimin", okuyinto i akhiphe zikagamthilini.

Impumelelo eyisisekelo Medicine

Ukuvela antiseptics ekuhlinzeni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kanye nezinye okutholwe yisayensi (izinzwa, ekutholakaleni zamaqembu egazi) alethwe kule ndawo wezokwelapha ukuze ezingeni elisha lonke. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo iningi odokotela besaba ukuya imisebenzi okuyingozi, okuyinto zalandelwa Ukuvulwa kwe-ezicutshini zomzimba womuntu. Lawa kwakungamadodana sokugcina lapho kungekho lutho olunye olwenzayo kwakungasekho. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba izibalo kwaba esidumazayo. Cishe eziyikhulu namashumi amaphesenti zonke iziguli afe etafuleni yokusebenza. Futhi imbangela yabo bonke abangenwa yisandulela babe kuhlinzwa.

Ngakho, ngo-1874, uProfesa Erickson wathi ukuthi odokotela abahlinzayo uyohlale izingxenye ezingafinyeleleki zomzimba ezifana ngaphakathi komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu futhi cranial futhi thorax. Kuphela ukubonakala antiseptics ukukulungisa.

izinyathelo kuqala

Umlando antiseptics waqala endulo. zingatholakala ukuphathwa ngokusebenzisa kwawo emibhalweni odokotela baseGibhithe lasendulo nesiGreki. Nokho, akukho, kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi wayengakamazi khona. Kuphela kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye baba isinqandakuvunda ngenjongo umqondo esetshenziswa njengoba ikhemikhali enobuthi ukuvimbela inqubo ukuwohloka.

Nakuba odokotela abahlinzayo okwenzile imisebenzi eziningi eziyimpumelelo. Nokho, izinkinga ezingathí sina siqhubeke kuphakama ekwelapheni izilonda. Ngisho imisebenzi elula kungaba yingozi. Uma ubheka izibalo, njalo nesineke yesithupha yabulawa ngemva noma phakathi nokuhlinzwa.

isiqalo enokwehla

Base antiseptics wabeka Hungarian obelethisayo Ignats Zemmelveys - UProfesa Budapest Medical University. Eminyakeni 1846-1849 wasebenza zokubelethisa umtholampilo okuthiwa Klein abase bekhulile, eliseVienna. Elapho yabhekisela ongaziwa izibalo ukufa. UMnyango, esangenza abafundi owafa ezingaphezu kuka-30% abesifazane lapho bebeletha, kanye nasezindaweni lapho abafundi awuhambanga, iphesenti kwaba ephansi kakhulu. Ngemva ezinye uphenyo, wathola ukuthi imbangela imfiva puerperal, ebulala isiguli, kwadingeka izandla ezingcolile abafundi, ngubani ngaphambi kokujoyina uMnyango azoya wahlanganyela cadaver dissections. Kulokhu, uDkt Ignats Zemmelveys ngesikhathi abaphefumulelwe babengayazi mayelana amagciwane kanye nendima yabo ekonakaleni. Ukuba etholakale onjalo, basungula indlela Ukuvikelwa - odokotela ngaphambi kokuba sihlinzwe kwadingeka ukuba zigeze izandla nge isixazululo of bleach. Futhi kwasebenza: izigameko yokufa ewadini ngonyaka 1847 zaba% 1-3 kuphela. Kwaba umbhedo. Nokho, ngesikhathi ukuphila uSolwazi Ignatsa Zemmelveysa kwasivulela futhi ungazange bokutholwa ochwepheshe ezinkulu Western Europe emkhakheni zabesifazane kanye zokubelethisa.

I eyiNgisi, ngubani wabeka izisekelo antiseptics

Ngokwesayensi obuqinisekisa inkolelo yokungafi antiseptics kuphela sebekwazi emva kokushicilelwa imisebenzi Dr. ULouis Pasteur. Nguye e 1863 wabonisa ukuthi izinqubo elibi kanye ukuvutshelwa kukhona nezilwanyana ezincane.

Ukuze ukuhlinzwa kule ndawo isibe inkanyiso Dzhozef Lister. Ngo-1865, kokuthoma wathi: "Ayikho into hhayi decontaminated, akufanele uthinte isilonda." It Lister esiphethweni kanjani usebenzisa izindlela amakhemikhali ukubhekana isilonda ukutheleleka. Waba ibhandishi abadumile ofakwe carbolic acid. By endleleni, ngo-1670, le acid njenge-ejenti decontamination isicelo wemithi ULemaire ezivela eFrance.

Uprofesa baphetha ngokuthi amanxeba iqhubeka kungenxa yokuthi lezi bacterium aqala. UJehova waqale wanika kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi ukuze lo mkhuba ukutheleleka kuhlinzwa, kanye necebo izindlela zokubhekana naso. Ngakho, George. Lister waziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba eyiNgisi, ngubani wabeka izisekelo antiseptics.

indlela Lister sika

J .. Lister yasungulwa ngendlela yabo ukuze azivikele amagciwane. Lalinama okulandelayo. I isinqandakuvunda main kwaba carbolic acid (2-5% aqueous, oily noma isixazululo utshwala). Ngosizo izixazululo ezikhipha namagciwane isilonda uqobo, kanye asingathe ukuxhumana izifundo zakhe. Ngakho odokotela abahlinzayo owagcoba izandla, Cutting Amathuluzi, kusaladi kanye sutures, bonke egumbini lokuhlinza. Lister yasikisela njengoba suture ukusebenzisa catgut isinqandakuvunda, eyayintula chaza impahla. Lister enamathiselwe kakhulu emoyeni egumbini kuhlinzwa. Wacabanga ukuthi ubizwa umthombo ngqo kwamagciwane. Ngakho-ke, lonke igumbi futhi ziphathwe carboxylic acid usebenzisa isifutho ekhethekile.

Ngemva kokuhlinzwa le isilonda sutured futhi wambozwa ngebhandeshi ehlanganisa izingqimba eziningana. Lokhu kwaba Lister icebo. Ibhandishi ayizange iphumelele emoyeni, futhi ungqimba yayo phansi, ehlanganisa usilika, elifakwe yamaphesenti ayisihlanu carbolic acid, buhlanjululwe izidakamizwa okhipha inhlaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho eziphoqelelwe izingqimba eziyisishiyagalombili rosin iphathwa, upharafini kanye carbolic acid. Khona-ke bonke ngendwangu uwoyela embozwe amabhandeshi ngebhandeshi ahlanzekile afuthwe ngesibulali carbolic acid.

Nale ndlela isibalo lapho bebeletha noma bashone imisebenzi kwehle kakhulu. Lister sihloko ngilandisa indlela yokuphatha kahle zokukhipha igciwane waphuka kanye nezilonda, yanyatheliswa ngo-1867. Waphenduka umhlaba wonke. Kwaba intuthuko yangempela yesayensi nezokwelapha. Futhi umbhali sesiye saziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi eyiNgisi, ngubani wabeka izisekelo antiseptics.

izimbangi

Lister indlela isibe esetshenziswa kabanzi futhi wathola lenqwaba abasekeli. Nokho, kwaba khona abahlala akazange avumelane iziphetho zakhe. nabaphikisi abaningi bathi akhethiwe Lister carbolic acid - asihambisani magciwane isinqandakuvunda. Ukwakheka lendlela iqukethe izinto ifa umphumela onamandla ecasulayo. Lokho kungenza umuntu ukulimala njengoba izicubu isiguli kanye izandla likadokotela ohlinzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, carbolic acid ifa izakhiwo anobuthi.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi udokotela ohlinza Russian eyaziwa UNikolai Pirogov abezile usondele ngokwanele inkinga ngaphambi Dzhozefa Listera. Ngo indlela yayo ukwelashwa kwe-izibulali-magciwane eziyinhloko bleach, camphor utshwala esiliva nitrate, okuyinto mancane anobuthi kuka ohlongozwayo eyiNgisi carbolic acid. Nokho Pirogov akazange adale ayekufundisa ukusetshenziswa antiseptics, nakuba wayesondelene kakhulu.

Aseptic ngokumelene antiseptics

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lakhiwe ngendlela entsha ngokuphelele yokubhekana ukutheleleka kuhlinzwa - aseptic. Esalele khona neqiniso lokuthi akuyona zokukhipha igciwane isilonda ngokushesha futhi zigweme ukuthintana ukutheleleka wakhe. Le ndlela kwaba kahle kuqhathaniswa isinqandakuvunda, odokotela abaningi kangaka ngibiza Ukuyekwa okuphelele nokuthuthukiswa Lister sika. Nokho, ukuphila njengoba njalo konke kwenziwe ngendlela yalo.

Chemistry njengoba isayensi akemi namanje. Kukhona antiseptics entsha kwezokwelapha, okuyinto baye balisusa anobuthi carbolic acid. Bona athambile futhi sithethelele xaxa. Kube khona isidingo esiphuthumayo iyithuluzi elinamandla ukuthi kungenziwa decontaminated ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala okudutshulwa. amalungiselelo ukonakala futhi isinqandakuvunda Okudala wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela foci esithathelwanayo esiyingozi. Ngakho, sifika amakhemikhali ziza kuqala.

Zonke ezintsha futhi esisha

Ngo namathathu banesifo esibi sokukhohlwa leminyaka elidlule, izwe elisha eliphezulu isinqandakuvunda. Kwaba izidakamizwa sulfanilamide olungavimba nokucindezela ukukhula kwamagciwane emzimbeni womuntu. Amaphilisi athathwa futhi abasebenza emaqenjini athile nezilwanyana ezincane.

Esikhathini forties, imithi elwa namagciwane kwezwe yokuqala idalwe. Nge ukubonakala kwakhe ukuze odokotela abahlinzayo wavula engacabangeki nhlobo ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke. Isici esiyinhloko-antibiotic umphumela abakhethayo ku bacterium ezincane-eziphilayo. Cishe bonke antiseptics yesimanje basonta kuleli qembu. Kwakubonakala sengathi ukulungiselela best kumane akukwazi. Nokho, kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kubangela uhlobo amasosha omzimba e ezincane, kanye nemiphumela engemihle engakaze kukhanselwe.

Umkhiqizo eyingqayizivele

inqubekela-phambili yesayensi yezokwelapha akemi namanje. Futhi emhlabeni wafunda we ekwakhiweni enjalo Eighties kwekhulu lamashumi amabili njengoba "Miramistin". Ekuqaleni kwathiwa yenzelwe njengenhlangano isinqandakuvunda, magciwane isikhumba osomkhathi abajikelezayo aye esiteshini isikhala. Kodwa-ke ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyithuba Ungeniswa ukusetshenziswa yiningi.

Kuyini eziyingqayizivele? Okokuqala, izidakamizwa kuphephe ngokuphelele futhi okungezona ezinobuthi. Okwesibili, awusebenzi zingene nolwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye isikhumba futhi ayinayo imiphumela eseceleni. Okwesithathu, kuhloswe ukubhujiswa ibanga elikhulu kwamagciwane: isikhunta, amagciwane lenyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici yayo eyingqayizivele lo mshini wezenzo namagciwane. Ngokungafani imithi elwa namagciwane ukulungiswa isizukulwane esisha asisho ukukhiqiza ukumelana in nezilwanyana ezincane. Nomuthi "Miramistin" lisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukwelapha izifo, kodwa futhi tekuvikela yabo. Ngakho namuhla, imikhiqizo eyingqayizivele, wadala sokuthuthukiswa indawo ekhona sonke.