Usosayensi Zhorzh Kyuve: Biography, izimpumelelo, okwatholwa amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Zhorzh Kyuve - usosayensi omkhulu, isazi umsunguli we ngokuqhathanisa isilwane anatomy ne-paleontology. Lokhu-ke umuntu etshaya isifiso sakhe ukuhlola izwe, futhi, nakuba kwaba ukubukwa eyiphutha, yena waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi.

usosayensi ebuntwaneni

Cuvier Wazalwa ngo-August 23, 1769 edolobheni Montbeliard. Little George yayihlakaniphile okungaphezu kweminyaka yakhe: eminyakeni 4 wayethethelela ukufunda kahle, futhi afundiswa umama wakhe ukudweba. Amandla yokudweba usosayensi Ukugunda futhi umsebenzi wakhe-paleontology, lapho kuvela imifanekiso ngesandla ngesineke izincwadi. Lezi imiboniso isikhathi eside ngemva kwalokho ulingiswe nezinye izincwadi, ngakho bathatha high wenza ozwakalayo.

Georges Leopold Kyuve wahlala emndenini oswele amaProthestani. Uyise yayisivele abaneminyaka, wayesebuthweni French ibutho lamasosha unina wanikezela ukuphila kwakhe indodana yakhe. Wasebenza naye, antante kwezinyawo zakhe, ngemva kwenye isifo (Cuvier ngokuvamile ogulayo njengoba ingane).

kumiswa

isikole, usosayensi esizayo ladlula ngokushesha. Zhorzh Kyuve wazibonisa njengoba umfundi abanamakhono, kodwa wayezele bemvelo edlubulundayo. It ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukuthi lo mfana uqhubeke ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni zenkolo futhi wamukele isihloko umfundisi, kodwa ubuhlobo obungebuhle nomqondisi akamvumelanga ukuba abe umpristi esonto lamaProthestani.

imfundo ephakeme Zhorzh Kyuve wathola Karolinska Academy e-Faculty cameral wesayensi (State Property Management). Lapha e Stuttgart, ososayensi basafunda inhlanzeko, umthetho, emnothweni kanye izimali. Kakade eyunivesithi waba nesithakazelo jikelele silwane, ngakho "Academy" umbuthano lahlelwa nge iqhaza lakhe. Lokhu Inyunyana eyathatha iminyaka 4 - njengoba George wafunda e-Faculty. Amalungu umbuthano ukwabelana impumelelo yabo encane ekuhloleni nemvelo, inkhulumo lengakalungiselelwa. indondo kulomcimbi wanikwa ngokurhaba kusukela amakhadibhodi nge isithombe Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - Biography of the usosayensi lapho kwakuphambana khona ukuphila izindlela

Eminyakeni emine zokuphila ekolishi yadlula ngokushesha futhi Georges esebuyele kubazali bakhe ekhaya. Ubaba umhlala, unina akusebenzanga. Ngenxa yalokho, ibhajethi umndeni kwaba cishe ezingenalutho, esisebenza isibili ayikwazanga indiva.

Khona-ke, ngaphambi amahemuhemu usosayensi bezwa ukuthi igrafu yaseNormandy Erisi efuna komfundisi indodana yakhe. Ukuba abantu abafundile, Zhorzh Kyuve yena igcwele izikhwama zakhe, wahamba ukuba ahlukane isikhathi. Ikhaya le-Earl yodumo etholakala ngasolwandle, futhi unike amandla Georges ukubona izilwane zasolwandle, hhayi kuphela ephepheni kodwa futhi ukuphila. Wabadalula ngesibindi starfish, izimpethu zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, izinkalankala kanye isikhuphashe, mollusk. Khona-ke Zhorzh Kyuve wamangala lapho izinto eziphilayo nzima isakhiwo indlela unganakile eliphilayo elilula. izitsha eziningi, ekupholiseni izinzwa, izindlala kanye nezinhlaka uhlelo ishayise nososayensi. Umsebenzi wakhe kanye nezilwane zasolwandle iye yachazwa ezinhlwini ezingu kukamagazini i- "Zoological Bulletin".

Izifundo zokuqala emkhakheni paleontology

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII - kuyinto ukuvela-paleontology. Cuvier, njengoba umsunguli kwale sayensi, ngiye etshaliwe umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kuqala ehlangene kunjalo, lapho ethola iphasela lamathambo ezitholakala nezidalwa Maastricht. Hoffan (igama ohlala kulo muzi, ubani athole izinsalela) zanquma ukubathumela lwamathambo kwakuvele kwaziwa Cuvier Paris. Sam "emayini" kuthiwa lokhu kungaba ithambo whale. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ososayensi abaningi baye bathola izici ezifanayo kanye amathambo endoda ingwenya, kanye esontweni akusho Maastricht wathatha amathambo izinsalela saint wathatha kuye njengomqondo oyinkolelo.

Usosayensi Zhorzh Kyuve anqatshelwe zonke lezi ongakhetha imvelaphi lwamathambo. Ngemva kokuchitha umsebenzi ngobuqotho, wasikisela ukuthi ezihlaba basonta ezihuquzelayo lasendulo abahlala amanzi Netherlands, eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Lokhu lwaqiniswa usayizi enkulu skeleton, kuhlanganise yomgogodla, inhloko omkhulu nemihlathi ngamazinyo amaningi abukhali, okubonisa indlela okuzingela izidalwa ukuphila. Cuvier futhi wabona izinsalela inhlanzi lasendulo, izimbaza nezinye izidalwa zasemanzini, okuyinto, ngokusobala, wapha lesi silwane.

Ibizwa ngokuthi mosasaurs ukuthi ngesiGreki angahunyushwa ngokuthi "umfula silwane amasi" (Meuse French). Kwakuwusuku ukutholakala ezinkulu kuqala yesayensi usosayensi. Ngemuva kokwenza ekuhlaziyweni izinsalela of nemiyo ezingaziwa, Zhorzh Kyuve yabeka isisekelo kwesayensi entsha - paleontology.

Njengoba umsebenzi kwenziwa izinsalela

Zhorzh Kyuve wafundelwa futhi systematized amane kwezinhlobo ezahlukene izilwane nezakudala. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka kuphela ngalokwanele zifane nezilwane yesimanje, kodwa iningi zazingenzelwanga nge izinkomo, izimvu, izinyamazane.

Futhi, ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi izwe lingakabikho embusweni ezihuquzelayo. Amanzi nezwe kuhlala kwezinhlobo eziningi izibankwakazi ezahlukene. Ngisho esibhakabhakeni yayibuswa pterodactyls, hhayi izinyoni, njengoba kwenza abanye abacwaningi.

Zhorzh Kyuve ithuthukiswe ngendlela ukufunda izinsalela. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo- ngesisekelo lwamathambo sesilwane, futhi nokwazi ukuthi zonke izingxenye zomzimba kuhlobene, wayengase ngeso lengqondo indlela okubukeka ngempela. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, incwadi yakhe yabangela inguquko kukholakale kakhulu.

Zhorzh Kyuve: umnikelo biology

Eqhubeka izilwane cwaningo, usosayensi waqala sihlaziye lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini wabo. Ngenxa yalokho, waba umsunguli kuthambekela kwezesayensi nokwakheka yokuqhathanisa. inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela "ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zomzimba," kusho ukuthi zonke izinhlaka futhi izakhiwo bahlobene, nokwakheka kwawo nokusebenza zincike esimweni kwemvelo, ukusuthisa, zizalela.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya ungulate. It udla utshani-ke, ubani ozothola namazinyo okukhulu. Kusukela. Emhlathini Inamandla kudinga imisipha evuthiwe, inhloko beyoba isihlobo esikhulu ukuze lonke umzimba. kuyadingeka ukuze balondoloze sekhanda esinjalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, uzobe amathambo nomgogodla wesibeletho athuthukile, kanye nomgudu walo. esincelisayo herbivorous ngaphandle Amazinyo noma izimpiko, kufanele ngandlela-thile evikelwe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye izilwane. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona izimpondo. ukudla Plant isikhathi eside ukugaya, okuholela ukuthuthukiswa ivolumu esiswini namathumbu eside. Athuthukisiwe isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene - isizathu khona izimbambo ezibanzi futhi isisu esikhulu.

umsebenzi ephakeme emkhakheni paleontology nesayensi kwaholela ekutholakaleni izinto eziningi engakaze ibonwe. Phakathi kwabo pterodactyls - ezihuquzelayo flying ezazisetshenziswa izilwane ezidla ezinye kanye udle inhlanzi. Ngakho Zhorzh Kyuve wafakazela ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, isibhakabhaka kwaba ngokwesibonelo, isilwane esihuquzelayo kwamandla, hhayi izinyoni.

nenhlekelele theory

Zhorzh Kyuve, ogama biography kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa paleontology, waletha umqondo kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngokutadisha izinsalela izidalwa lasendulo, ososayensi baye baphawula iphethini: ezingqimbeni ebusweni ungqimba lomhlaba kukhona amathambo ezilwane ukuthi babe ngisho ukufana kancane nge ukubukwa yesimanje, futhi izingqimba ezijulile - amathambo izidalwa komlando.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ukutholakala, Zhorzh Kyuve iyaphikisana yena. Iqiniso lokuthi waphika kwemvelo wonkana, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi usosayensi ahlinzekwa kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa nezilwane emhlabeni. Cuvier yasikisela ukuba ngezikhawu engaqinisekile sushi ucezu kwana kolwandle, futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo eziye zafa. Ngemva kwalokho amanzi ancipha, futhi endaweni entsha kwakukhona nezinye izinto eziphilayo izici ngokuphelele entsha isakhiwo umzimba. On umbuzo lapho lezi zilwane kungenzeka avele, ososayensi babeyogcina. Nenhlekelele theory kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela lapho, t. Ukuze. Ukubonakala kwaso kwazanywa avumelanise isayensi nenkolo.

Zhorzha Kyuve imibono mayelana ukuvela nezilwane eyayingaphakama ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi paleontology zesikhashana amafomu Kuye kwatholakala phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene zezilwane. Ngenxa yalokho, sasingekho isizathu alindele zavela kancane kancane yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eziphilayo. Kuphela Darwin nombono ofanayo, kodwa kwenzekani ngemva kokufa Zhorzha Kyuve.

Umehluko Ukwahlukaniswa Onomusa futhi Cuvier

Ukusebenza izilwane nokutadisha isakhiwo sabo, Zhorzh Kyuve systematized kafishane nezilwane zibe 4 izinhlobo:

1. ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke izilwane nge skeleton ahlahlelwe. Izibonelo: izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo (ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni), ezincelisayo nenhlanzi.

2. ekhazimulayo. Kuleli qembu, wonke ithimba nezilwane baye baqoqa, eyayintula wesimethri osabalalayo komzimba, okuyinto ejwayelekile, isibonelo, i-starfish.

3. Soft izinto ngemizimba yabo. Ziyizilwane ngomzimba ezithambile ebiyelwe igobolondo kanzima. Lezi zihlanganisa cuttlefish, izimbaza, ama-oyster, iminenke, mollusk, izingwane nokuningi. D.

4. eyisinambuzane. Izilwane fanele kuze lo xuku abe skeleton igobolondo eqinile yangaphandle ngesimo okuqinile, futhi wonke umzimba uhlukaniswe sebuningini izingxenye. Izibonelo: millipedes, izinambuzane, ezinamagobolondo, arachnids. Ngephutha iphathwa lapha kanti ezinye izikelemu.

Onomusa, ngokungafani kuya Zhorzha Kyuve, wakhetha 6 zalezi zinhlobo: ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, ezincelisayo, izinhlanzi, izinambuzane kanye nezikelemu (lapha zingezikaJehova le ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni). Ngokuya taxonomy, ngezigaba izilwane Cuvier uthole ephelele, ngakho wasebenzisa isikhathi eside.

Kuvele iqiniso elithakazelisayo emphilweni usosayensi

Uma umfundi Cuvier isinqumo ukudlala iqhinga phezu kwakhe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wagqoka suit nezimvu, ngesikhathi utitjhere wayelele buthule walinyathela embhedeni wakhe. Wathi: "! Cuvier, Cuvier, ngizodla wena" George wazizwa ebuthongweni bakhe wabona inselo uphondo ke ngezwi elizolile ithi, "Awuyena nomzingeli ungatholi ukudla kwami."

Kukhona lesisho Cuvier ukuthi zonke izitho futhi izingxenye zomzimba isilwane zihlobene kakhulu. Lithi "umzimba wonke axhunyiwe. izingxenye ngamunye ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngaphandle kokudala izinguquko abanye. "

impumelelo

Kuvele usosayensi oluvelele emkhakheni paleontology ngesikhathi ayebhekwa Zhorzh Kyuve. Biography emfushane sithi 1794 usosayensi othile esebenza Museum entsha of Natural History. Kube ebhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala nezifundo zezentuthwae, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala umsebenzi sína ngokwesayensi.

Ngo-1995, Cuvier waqala ukuhlala eParis. Ngemva konyaka, wathatha esihlalweni anatomy isilwane eSorbonne futhi wamiswa njengombonisi uyilungu le-National Institute. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva waba isazi esithile sase-kwenhloko yomnyango ukwakheka komzimba womuntu okuqhathanisa University of Paris.

Ukuze impumelelo yakhe yesayensi Zhorzh Kyuve Uthole peerage yeFrance futhi waba ilungu French Academy.

isiphetho

Cuvier uye negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni anatomy ngokuqhathanisa ne-paleontology. umsebenzi wakhe, waba isisekelo sokucwaninga ngokwengeziwe izilwane, kanye ngezigaba zawo iyagcinwa isikhathi eside. Futhi ngisho noma wayeshiye inombolo engaqondile emkhakheni kwemvelo, usosayensi ukufanele ukudunyiswa nokubonwa ngoba imisebenzi eminingi.

Zhorzh Kyuve wafa Meyi 13, 1832.