Amino acid: biochemistry, ngezigaba

Ukuze umsebenzi ngokugcwele emzimbeni womuntu, wenza yonke imisebenzi okudingeka udle ukudla okunothile amaphrotheni, amafutha, carbohydrate. Amaprotheni, namaprotheni yizici esitokisini, ngakho umuntu kufanele ukudla amaprotheni. Yiziphi amino acid? I-biochemistry lezi zakhi - impikiswano ebalulekile ukuthi okudingeka siwuphendule kanye cwaningo enemininingwane.

acid ikakhulukazi acid

Lezi zinto zehlela ezidingekile synthesis amaprotheni molecule. Emvelweni, kunabangaphezu kuka-ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amino acid ezahlukene, kodwa akuwona wonke kubalulekile ukuba umzimba womuntu. Esikudingayo kuyinto acid acid? Biochemistry 20 zalezi compounds wahlolwa ngokuningiliziwe ososayensi ezifuywayo angaphandle. Kwatholakala ukuthi nambili wabo bayakwazi ukuba kuhlelwe umqondo womuntu, futhi ama-amino acid eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela eyodwa okufanele akuthole ukudla.

ngezigaba

Cabangela ezinye zezihloko okukhulunywa amino acid. Biochemistry, ngezigaba yalezi organic compounds kuhilela zokwehlukanisa amaqembu ayinhloko amathathu:

• kubalulekile ethathwe ukudla. Izinto ezinjalo ayikwazi kwemiqondo phakathi nomzimba womuntu;
• Okungashintsheka kwakhiwa emzimbeni, ukuwela ke, kanye amaprotheni ukudla;
• Okungashintsheka evamile ikhiqizwa compounds ezibalulekile.

izakhiwo Key

Yiziphi izindawo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali kuthiwa ama-amino acid? I-biochemistry lezi zakhi kunikela umqondo wokuthi izici eziyisisekelo. amino acid babe okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuncibilika amaphuzu, encibilikayo ngokuphelele emanzini, ube nohlobo crystalline.

Yini enye zinezikhathi amino acid? Biochemistry ifomula kubo ukhombise khona i-carbon molecule kokuba umsebenzi we-optical.

chemical izici

isithakazelo wabo wokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo. Aminoacids - isakhiwo eyinhloko peptides. Kuyinto ngokuhlanganisa eziningana acid acid izinsalela kwelinye isakhiwo komugqa kuyinto synthesis molecule amaprotheni. Uma kusetshenziswe glycine indoda powder noma amaphilisi, i-Ukungena okusheshayo futhi kulula we ketshezi organic egazini. isithakazelo wabo wokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo. Amino acid, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha - izinto okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukusebenza eziphilayo. Lapho kuphakama okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuntula isifo.

amino acid ayizakhi amphoteric bembonisa ezimbili chemical izakhiwo.

Ukubaluleka yemvelo

Lesi sigaba izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe obhekene synthesis amaprotheni-molecule e-umzimba womuntu. Endabeni kusilela, zikhona izinkinga ezingathi sína isimiso sezinzwa. Yini enye Kubalulekile acid umzimba acid? Biochemistry lezi zakhi amphoteric uchaza ukubaluleka kwabo ngenxa biosynthesis ka glycogen esibindini. senani enganele kuholela isifo esiyingozi. Esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko ukuntuleka 20 acid ezibalulekile acid, odokotela ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla, ukuhlukunyezwa kotshwala, ehlelekile izimo ukucindezeleka. Ukuze ugweme Ukuwohloka umzimba (ukugwema amaprotheni ukuntula), kufanele ufake i-avalele ukudla, inyama, imikhiqizo soy.

webumbacambili izakhiwo

Iziphi izici une-acid acid? Biochemistry lezi zakhi ngenxa yokuba khona e amangqamuzana amaqembu amabili sokusebenza. Lezi zamakhemikhali abe carboxyl (acid) COOH iqembu, kanye kukhona ama. izici ezinjalo kwesakhiwo ukuchaza izici zabo zamakhemikhali.

Ukufana nge acid organic nokumbiwa kuboniswe ukusabela ezisansimbi asebenzayo, oxides eziyisisekelo, lezisekelo zalo, nosawoti of acid ababuthakathaka. acid Eminye acid labo abazokwazi engena ukusabela ikhemikhali alcohols ukwakha esters. Ukuba khona iqembu acid uchaza ekusebenzelaneni kwabo ne acid mshini donor-acceptor zokuxhumana.

Ukwahlukanisa futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo

Kuye indawo amaqembu carboxyl bangase bahlukanise lezi organic compounds-alpha, i-beta, amino acid. I izinombolo carbon Atoms lapho i-carbon iqala kulandela iqembu acid.

Kwamakhemikhali organic isehlane acid acid ngenani lamaqembu obusebenzayo: eziyisisekelo, hlangothi, ene-asidi.

Kuye ubunjalo ezizivelelayo hydrocarbon ngokuvamile libhekwa zonke amino acid ku okunamafutha (aliphatic) heterocyclic, ezinuka kamnandi nesibabule-aqukethe. Njengoba isibonelo, elimnandi acid acid kungenziwa emelelwa 2 aminobenzoic acid.

Ngu ngesilwane esifuywayo ehlelekile ngaphansi isihloko lesi sigaba organic compounds sibalo ukhombise isikhundla eqenjini acid, bese ufaka igama iketango carbon, okubandakanya iqembu carboxyl. Izinhlamvu ngesiGreki isetshenziswa uma kwenzeka ukuthi i-acid acid uzobe okuthiwa yi-ngesilwane esifuywayo eziwubala.

Lapho i-molecule ye iqukethe ezimbili obusebenzayo (acid), egameni ecacisa Isiqalo esetshenziswa: diamino-, triamino-. Ukuze acid polybasic acid esihlokweni ukungezwa ku-acid triol noma diol.

Izici isomers futhi kwama-amino acid

Banikezwe ngokucacile of isakhiwo amakhemikhali ngabameli lesi sigaba izinto eziningi eziphilayo, ukukhomba eziningana izinhlobo isomerism. Ngokufanayo, acid carboxylic kulezi compounds amphoteric, kukhona isomers ngaphansi kohlaka carbon.

Ungase futhi wenze isomers nge ilungiselelo ezahlukene ukusebenza acid. Okuthakazelisayo isomer optical ekilasini laba bafundi, okuvumela ukuchaza ukubaluleka kwabo engokwesayensi eziphilayo.

Ngenxa impahla eluhlaza for synthesis inayiloni umusa aminocaproic acid. Ngu hydrolysis ingatholakala 25 acid ezibalulekile acid. Kunezinkinga ezithile ezihambisana ne ukwehlukana ingxube okuholela compounds amphoteric. Ngaphezu hydrolysis wamaprotheni molecule kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo ngu basabela amino acid ukusabela galogenhzameschennyh Gel-Volhard-Zelinsky.

amino acid imiswe phakathi izinqubo hydrolysis amaprotheni okuqondene ukudla. Lezi izinto kukhona amabhlogo wokwakha, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa umgwaqo yemifino kanye isilwane amaprotheni, saturation umzimba izakhi ebalulekile empilweni yayo egcwele.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma kwenzeka yokukhathala ezinzima, kubangelwa operation esindayo, isiguli inikezwe izinga ekhethekile amino acid. Nge glutamic acid Kwenziwa ukwelapha izifo sezinzwa, izilonda esiswini kudingekile ukusebenzisa histidine. Ngo ezolimo, acid acid esetshenziswa avale phezulu izilwane ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwazo.

isiphetho

amino acid ayizakhi amphoteric organic ukudlala indima ebalulekile imfucumfucu kwabantu nezilwane. Uma izinto eziningi enganele omunye kubalulekile amino acid, kukhona izinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína. A ephelele amaprotheni Ukudla kubalulekile ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi yokuqhuma kobusha, kanye nalabo abahluphekayo umsebenzi unomphela ngokomzimba, amatasa ezemidlalo.