Izinhlanganisela ze-Organic nokuhlelwa kwazo

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-organic compounds kusekelwe ekutheni isakhiwo samakhemikhali se-AM Butlerov sakhiwe. Ukuhlelwa okuhlelekile - isisekelo sesimiso sezesayensi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwenzeka ukuba unikeze igama kuyo yonke into ephilayo eyaziwayo, ngokusekelwe kwindlela ekhona yesakhiwo.

Amakilasi ama-organic compounds

Izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswa ngokwezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: indawo yangakini kanye nenani lamaqembu asebenzayo emkhamlekeni nesakhiwo se-carbon skeleton.

I-carbon skeleton iyingxenye ye-molecule ezinzile ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Ama-organic compounds ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu, kuyilapho ecabangela isakhiwo se-molecular of matter organic.

Ama-acyclic compounds (ama-bio- composite of fatty series noma ama-aliphatic compounds). Lezi zinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezakhiweni zama-molecule ziqukethe uketshezi lwe-carbon chain oluqondile.

Amakhemikhali e-Carbocyclic yizinto ezivaliwe ngamaketanga e-carbon - imijikelezo. Lawa ma-bio-compounds ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu: aroma futhi alicyclic.

I-Heterocyclic organic compounds organic are substances in the structure of molecules lapho kukhona imijikelezo eyakhiwa ama-athomu e-carbon kanye nama-athomu amanye ama-chemical elements (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur) yi-heteroatoms.

Amakhemikhali ochungechunge ngalunye (iqembu) ahlukaniswe ngamakilasi ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ukubaluleka komuntu othile ekilasini ethile kunqunywa ukuthi kukhona amaqembu athile asebenzayo emkhathini. Isibonelo, amakilasi ama-hydrocarbons (isigaba kuphela sezinto eziphilayo ezingekho amaqembu asebenzayo), amines, aldehydes, phenols, acids carboxylic, ketone, alcohols, njll.

Ukuze unqume ukuthi i-organic compound iyingxenye yochungechunge nekilasi, i-carbon skeleton noma i-carbon chain (i-acyclic compounds), i-ring (ama-carbocyclic compounds) noma i-nucleus (i-heterocyclic compounds) ayodwa . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwamanye amaqembu e-athomu (ukusebenza) ku-molecule yezinto eziphilayo, isibonelo, i-hydroxyl-OH, i-carboxyl-COOH, iqembu lama-amino, iqembu lama-imino, iqembu le-sulfhydryl-SH, njll, kunqunywa. Iqembu elisebenzayo noma amaqembu anquma ukuthi yiyiphi ingxenye ye-bio-compound eklasini elithile, izakhiwo zalo ezisemqoka nezomakhemikhali. Kumele kuthiwa iqembu ngalinye elisebenzayo alinqumi nje kuphela lezi zakhiwo, kodwa liphinde lithinte nezinye i-athomu namaqembu e-athomu, kanti futhi likwazi ukuthonya ithonya labo.

Lapho kufakwe endaweni yamakhemikhali e-acyclic ne-cyclic hydrocarbons noma ama-heterocyclic compounds we-athomu ye-Hydrogen, amaqembu ahlukene asebenzayo athola ama-organic compounds asemakilasini athile. Sinikeza amaqembu asebenzayo anquma ukuthi yiyiphi ingxenye ye-organic compound eklasini elithile: ama-hydrocarbon RH, ama-hydrocarboni halogenated R-Hal, aldehydes R-COH, amathoni R1-CO-R2, ama-alcohols nama-phenols R-OH, ama-carboxylic acid R-COOH , I-R 1 -O-R2 ethers, i-R-COHal carboxylic acid halides, ama-R-COOR esters , ama-nitro ama-R-NO2, ama-acul sulfoni -R-SO3H, ama-organometallic R-Me, ama-mercaptans R-SH.

Amakhemikhali e-Organic oneqembu elilodwa elisebenzayo ekwakheni ama-molecule awo abizwa ngokuthi ama-organic compounds nemisebenzi elula, amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlanganiswa nemisebenzi ehlanganisiwe. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo ezihambisana nemisebenzi elula zingaba ama-hydrocarbons, utshwala, amathononi, aldehydes, ama-amine, ama-acids carboxylic, ama-nitro compounds, njll. Izibonelo zamakhemikhali nemisebenzi ehlanganisiwe zingaba yi-hydroxy acid, i-keto acid nezinye ezifana.

Indawo ekhethekile ibhekene nezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-bioorganic: amaprotheni, amaprotheni, lipids, i-nucleic acid, ama-carbohydrate, emaqhamukeni anenani elikhulu lamaqembu asebenzayo ahlukene.