Compounds heterocyclic: ngesilwane esifuywayo kanye ngezigaba

kwakwakhe heterocyclic isigaba organic indandatho compounds ngemijikelezo lapho, ngaphezu kuya kuma-atom carbon, iqukethe ama-athomu amaningi nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali, okuthiwa heteroatoms (heteros Greek - - enye, kwesibili.): i-oksijini (isib furan futhi pyran), i-nitrogen (pyrrole futhi pyridine ), i-sulphur (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) njll

I heterocycles ezakhiwe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu carbon futhi heteroatoms. Ngokusho theory Bayer sika heterocycles ukumelana kube kuphela kulezo zimo lapho valencies ukuphambuka zama-athomu obumba izindandatho, iyi-engela ezincane kunazo zonke 109 ° 28 '. Ngokwesibonelo, zezakhi heterocyclic engazinzile kakhulu kukhona heterocycles nge ezintathu eside, lapho kukhona amangqamuzana ngobukhulu ukuphambuka ezinjalo - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene futhi ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles kuthiwa esakazwa ngokwemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-amino acid (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino acid (proline futhi hydroxyproline), a purine (i-adenine futhi guanine) kanye pyrimidine (-thymine, uracil ne-cytosine) lezisekelo, imfuyo eziphila ebalulekile ophilayo ndaba (heme, hemin, asinayo i-chlorophyll), alkaloids ( caffeine nasezimisweni atropine), imithi elwa namagciwane (penicillin akuzange kusize, gramicidin C, i-streptomycin), imithi (norsulfazol ne-caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), ezihogelwayo (pyridine), ama-carbohydrate, acid nucleic, amaprotheni, ama-hormone, amavithamini, kanye nezinye eziningi izinto ezibalulekile.

Ukwahlukanisa zamakhemikhali

Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe isakhiwo heterocycles e-molecule ayo lapho ama-athomu carbon zihlanganiswa a heteroatom (hetero) kanye ama-athomu ye-hydrogen. Heterocycles nemikhiqizo yabo zihlukaniswe amaqembu kuye kuma-athomu e obumba indandatho (amathathu-, amane, five-, eziyisithupha-membered, njll). Eqenjini ngalinye kukhona sub-amaqembu ama-athomu eyodwa, ababili noma abathathu hetero.

compounds heterocyclic ezimweni eziningi uykhinjiswa ngesilwane esifuywayo zomlando (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Kusukela amagama zomlando kwakhiwa amagama nemikhiqizo yabo (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid methylpyridine). Ukuze akhombise isikhundla substituent ama-athomu heterocycles inombolo. Sezinombolo Kwenziwa ama-athomu hetero noma kubhekiselwe ezincwadini ngesiGreki zamagama, kusukela engumakhelwane carbon athomu nge heteroatom --alpha, i-beta, gamma, njll

Getorotsiklicheskie compounds: ngesilwane esifuywayo

Lapho efaka i compounds heterocyclic ngokuvumelana IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo inombolo abalwa ngama-athomu e-heterocycle, oyiyo, nokubekwa substituents nezinye izici (isib furfural inegama ehlelekile furan-2-carbaldehyde). Amagama heterocyclic compounds kukhonjisiwe izinqubo incazelo sokulungiselela yabo, izakhiwo kanye namagugu.

Ukuze heterocycles zihlanganisa oxides (isib ethylene oxide), anhydrides ka dibasic elihlale acid carboxylic, njll Ukuzinza heterocycles kubhekwe ngaphambilini kuncike kuma-athomu e-carbon ku heterocycle molecule heteroatoms kanye nendawo heterocycle. I ukumelana okungenani ayizakhi heterocyclic ehlanganisa imijikelezo ezintathu noma ezine, lapho abaphukile kalula futhi babe compounds acyclic. Kukhona okuningi compounds heterocyclic, amangqamuzana omoya ngemijikelezo ezinzile, umjikelezo yabo efanayo benzenovogo core. Bangabaholi isici esiyinhloko isakhi eziningi biosoedineny ebaluleke for umkhakha, imithi kanye wezilwane.

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds

I chemical izakhiwo zabo ezinhlanu membered (thiophene nemikhiqizo yalo) heterocycles ngenxa yokuba khona e-molecule pi-system yabo electron ngokweqile, okwandisa aromaticity yabo. Kuqhathaniswa benzene thiophene iyaphendula kalula esikhundleni electrophilic.