Carboxylic acid

kwakwakhe organic Chemical, ogama molecule okungenani oyedwa iqembu carboxyl e oyiyo (ke kuqondaniswe carbonyl - iqembu obusebenzayo ka aldehydes futhi ketones, futhi hydroxyl - utshwala iqembu obusebenzayo) wathola igama ezivamile - carboxylic acid. Formula kubo kungenziwa imelelwa R-COOH, lapho R kuyinto monovalent hydrocarbon iqembu sokusebenza. Noma yimuphi carboxylic acid, ngokungafani kuya acid kakhulu wezinto ezingaphili, ababuthakathaka futhi awangaphelela ubuhlobo ku ion.

Njengoba izibonelo elula kukhona formic (i-methane) H-COOH acid. Igama libhekisela umlando wokuqala irisidi yayo e 1670 ezibomvu IsiZulu semvelo uJohn Ray. I carboxylic acid kokuba amaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu carboxyl kuyothiwa dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic (noma tricarboxylic) nokunye. Isibonelo elula oxalic acid kanye ifomula ayo C2H2O4, e-molecule equkethe amaqembu amabili carboxyl. Njengoba shestiosnovnoy kungaholela mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu) acid, ifomula ayo C12H6O12. I-molecule iqukethe amaqembu ayisithupha carboxyl esikhundleni ngendlela benzene indandatho hydrogen ama-athomu.

acid Organic ngokuvamile yendalo. Ngokwesibonelo, geksakarbonovaya acid eziqukethwe uju amatshe atholakala lignites).

Kukhona compounds eziningi ezibalulekile zemvelo kuleli kilasi. Lezi zihlanganisa citric acid C6H8O7 (limelela izithasiselo zokudla eziningana E330-E333), okuyinto ekuqaleni eyatholakala kusukela angavuthiwe kalamula ngo-1784 yi-wemithi Swedish K. Scheele. Tartaric acid C4H6O6 luwukudla okufakiwe E334). Lokhu carboxylic acid zisakazwa nemvelo. It is eziqukethwe ijusi fresh izithelo eziningi.

Uma sicabanga yimuphi chungechunge homologous of organic compounds, kuwo kukhona izinguquko njalo e izakhiwo kanye okwandisa isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. I izakhiwo kwakwakhe ngamunye zincike isakhiwo yezinhlayiya, okungukuthi, ngezindlela eziningi ichaza isomerism yabo acid carboxylic. Laba bameleli be-lokuqala chungechunge homologous kwakhiwa kusukela formic acid, kuhlanganise acetic kanye propionic, libhekisela uketshezi. Basuke izimpawu oyiphunga okunoshukela futhi zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini. Laba bameleli be-ephakeme kukhona ukudla okuqinile ezingenakho chaza emanzini.

izakhiwo Chemical of acid carboxylic ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa ithonya iqembu carbonyl eqenjini hydroxyl. Ngakho-ke, lezi zakhi, ngokungafani kuya alcohols, abe evelele acid uhlamvu.

Ngokwesibonelo, e izixazululo aqueous, bangase Nqamula ku-ion, okuyinto efakazela ukuthi lo Umbala liquid emva unezela litmus abomvu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuba khona hydrogen cations. Okungukuthi, medium izixazululo zabo aqueous kuyinto azibukhali (pH ngaphansi kuka 7).

Lapho uxhumana izinsimbi noma lezisekelo uyakwazi ukwakha carboxylic acid nosawoti: 2CH3-COOH + MG → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑.

acid Organic futhi ungene zamakhemikhali nge carbonates, displacing carbonic acid: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-COO) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Kwaba lula ngawo ukuxubana ammonia ukwakha nosawoti: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

I izakhiwo esidi zithuthukiswa lapho acid organic bukhona olukhulu nge substituent nomphumela omubi exhasa. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo chlorine e acetic acid kancane kancane esikhundleni esisodwa hydrogen atom zama-athomu chlorine nokwamukela chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, bese trichloroacetic acid, kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi impahla yabo ene-asidi.

Noma yimuphi carboxylic acid ingatholakala ngezindlela eziningana. Okuvame kakhulu iyona ndlela, ogxile ukusabela namachibi. Njengoba icala kokuqala reactants alcohols noma aldehydes. Enye indlela yokukhiqiza acid organic iyona hydrolysis ka nitriles egeleza ngokubeka amalahle nabo nge acid yezimbiwa lwenkomo olufakwe amanzi.