Uchungechunge homologous

Ngo-chemistry, kunamaqembu izinto eziningi eziphilayo, libhekene izakhiwo ezifanayo futhi bahlanganiswe ifomula jikelele, echaza iphethini ngokwehluka kwesakhiwo phakathi Ilungu ngalinye okwalandela leqembu odlule. Ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge homologous ka alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , noma namanye amaqembu. Lokhu ngesilwane esifuywayo kubaluleke kakhulu isifundo noma umkhuba ukubikezela. Ukuze izinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi eqenjini, kunezinguquko njalo ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba, futhi konke kuhlobene nezinga ushintsho isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako kukhona imithetho achaza indlela izakhiwo izinto ushintsho eqenjini eyodwa kuya kwenye. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yini uchungechunge homologous, kufanele sicabangele izibonelo ezithile. Ngoba noma yisiphi iqembu compounds zikhulisa izinga lokushisa nobuntu encibilika (crystallization), abilayo (ukufingqa) kanye kwabantu nge okwandisa isisindo yamangqamuzana kanye kuma-athomu e-carbon e-molecule.

hydrocarbon ayegcwele abizwa ngokuthi paraffinic noma ayegcwele; abakubonisayo acyclic (akukho nowe) kwakwakhe ngqo noma izakhiwo branched, ama-athomu e-molecule awo wajoyina ngezibopho olulodwa. Ifomula Imininingwane kuyinto CnH2n + 2 futhi uchaza uchungechunge homologous ka alkanes. Ingqamuzana ngalinye okwalandela ilungu inyuka ziqhathaniswa odlule eyodwa C athomu futhi ama-athomu amabili kuya H. ayegcwele hydrocarbon zihlanganisa:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane, nokunye.

Ukuze hydrocarbon ayegcwele futhi zihlanganisa cycloparaffins. Lona iqembu elikhulu organic compounds kabani molecule kukhona amasongo avaliwe. uchungechunge Homologous wabo ifomula CnH2n, iqala chemical kuya kuma-atom ezintathu carbon. Izibonelo cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, njll

hydrocarbon unsaturated noma unsaturated nazo acyclic. Lezi zihlanganisa izinto ezingenzeka ezibhekwa futhi iso-isakhiwo. uchungechunge Homologous ka alkenes kokuba ifomula jikelele CnH2n. Lezi zinto zehlela zinezikhathi khona eyodwa isibopho double phakathi athomu amabili-carbon. Uma umugqa wangaphambilini iqala hydrocarbon nge-carbon-athomu (i-methane), ukuthi iqala izakhi ezikulesi molecule equkethe athomu amabili-carbon. Izibonelo alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, nokunye.

Hydrocarbon e-molecule athomu amabili carbon zixhunywe isibopho kathathu kukhona unsaturated ngaphezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ukubizwa ngokuthi acetylene. Ayavumelana uchungechunge homologous ka alkynes. It is kuchazwe ngu ifomula CnH2n-2 bese uthome acetylene kule formula okuyinto athomu amabili C. Izibonelo alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 nokunye.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon acyclic lapho engqamuzaneni has izibopho ezimbili double abizwa ngokuthi diene. Sinenkosi ifomula jikelele CnH2n-2. uchungechunge yabo homologous iqala hydrocarbon ne-athomu omoya-ezintathu carbon e-molecule. Izibopho double kungenziwa conjugated (ahlukaniswe omunye isibopho olulodwa) Cumulated (esisogwini ama-athomu eduze) noma ekhishwe inyumbazane (ahlukaniswe izibopho olulodwa eziningi). Izibonelo dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1.3-butadiene;
• isoprene, njll

Kumiswa iqembu okukhethekile by amakhemikhali isakhiwo Zijika molecule elinendawo indandatho benzene. uchungechunge Homologous of ngokwengxenye hydrocarbon elimnandi iqala enkompolo ne-carbon-athomu omoya-eziyisithupha - benzene. Homologues salolu chungechunge akhiwa ngokufaka esikhundleni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen banamathele iringi benzene le ezizivelelayo. Ngakho, eziningi izinto:-benzene, toluene, xylene. Uma i-molecule ye has substituents ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukuthi ibonisa isomers yalezi izinto. Okunye uchungechunge homologous ka Aromatics akhiwa naphthalene, anthracene, kanye nezinye izinto.

Uma i-molecule ye hydrocarbon uneqoqo obusebenzayo, amakhemikhali anjalo futhi bakha uchungechunge homologous.

• alcohols eziningana ubonakala ngokuba e molecule iqembu hydroxyl (-OH). Ukuze monoalcohols eyodwa hydrogen atom i hydrocarbon acyclic Ikhutjhwe yi iqembu hydroxyl; ifomula yabo: CnH2n + 1OH. Kukhona futhi uchungechunge ka polyols.
• phenols eziningana libhekene khona e-molecule futhi iqembu hydroxyl (-OH), kodwa indawo hydrogen phezu ring benzene.
• Libhekene eziningi aldehydes molecule enkompolo amakhemikhali iqembu carbonyl (> C = O) ngayinye; aldehydes formula jikelele: R-CH = O.
• Kunamaphuzu amaningana ketones nazo zihlukaniswa khona iqembu carbonyl (> C = O), kodwa uma ehlangene aldehydes radical, ke ketones ezimbili hydrocarbon olukhulu. Ketones ifomula: R1-CO-R2.
• Inani of acid carboxylic zihluke namanye amakhemikhali carboxyl iqembu, ehlanganisa carbonyl futhi hydroxyl amaqembu. Formula - RCOOH.

Ukuze emgqeni ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki homologous uchungechunge aldehydes, carbonic (organic) acid, alcohols noma nezinye izinto, impahla yabo ngeke kakhulu incike uhlobo iqembu tekusebentisa ngokwemvelo ziyehluka nombolo okwandisa yamangqamuzana isisindo izinto. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba ekilasini ezibanzi zamakhemikhali kusiza ukuqonda ubunjalo kanye ukufunda nezici zabo.