Athomu elinokuthula: isithombe, uphawu. Kungaba athomu elinokuthula? Ingabe ikhona esizayo athomu elinokuthula?

Ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili imizi Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, amabhomu amabili yenuzi ngamanga asulwa. Isikhali etja le gade ebulalayo kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. I zenuzi izingalo uhlanga eyalandela phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States kuye kwaqinisa nokwesatshwa emphakathini womhlaba isici zenuzi. Nokho, ngaphezu sezikhali zenuzi, futhi kwaba nokuthula athomu. Ngu ukuthi ibinzana kusho amandla enuzi.

Umgomo we operation ye NPP

Ukusebenza kwanoma iyiphi i-imeyli engahlonziwe iyona ukuqoqwa ye-athomu. Ukuze imbangela yayo, kubalulekile ukuba ubambe bombardment neutron ka nokwe-uranium-235 nuclei. Izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo zihlukaniswe izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, ngaleyondlela kulethe owawudinga gamma ray nokushisa.

athomu Unokuthula ingaqhubeka obunokuthula kuphela ngaphansi kolawulo esiqinile, kumelwe nakanjani le NPP. Iqiniso liwukuthi e ziphakame neutrons ukuqoqwa adala uchungechunge ukusabela entsha. Engalawuliwe encompass a nuclei kuholela ukuqhuma. Lesi simiso esitholakala ekusebenzeni amabhomu e-athomu. izitshalo Amandla kulawulwa inqubo efanayo, futhi amandla ngokweqile iqondiswa kwishaneli ewusizo kubantu.

Uranium-235

fuel Nuclear ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ibekwa izinduku ekhethekile. Lilondolozwe ngesimo zithutha eyenziwe uranium oxide. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi yalolu ketshezi akuyona iyunifomu. 3% of izibhebhe ezinjalo kuhlanganisa nokwe-uranium-235 (uma ukusabela lihlukaniswe eyodwa), kanye ezisele njengoba 238 (lokhu IKhompyuthaYami akuyona ihlukaniswe).

Kungani sidinga ubuhlobo obunjalo? Ukuze ugcine inqubo ngaphansi kolawulo. Ukusebenza ukuqoqwa ophendulayo iqala ukuphendula. Ngokuhamba ukuthuthukiswa yayo nokwe-uranium-235 kuyehla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, it kwandisa umthamo imikhiqizo ukuqoqwa. Lokhu-nuclear waste. Bona usongo olukhulu ukuze imvelo, ngakho-ke, kumele ilahlwe kahle. Kungaba athomu elinokuthula? Njengoba ungase ubone ubuchwepheshe echazwe, kuphela uma ngokuqinile waphawula imithetho kanye ukukhiqizwa dokhumenti.

INGEMUVA ukubukeka

Nuclear (-athomu) amandla ludabuka ezindaweni maphakathi XX leminyaka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amakhulu izitshalo amandla enuzi (okwamanje usebenza 442) ezakhiwa emhlabeni. athomu Unokuthula inikeza ngaphezu kwesigamu amandla awadingayo eFrance, ePoland, eLithuania, Slovakia, Sweden neNingizimu Korea. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, enuzi izitshalo amandla ukukhiqiza mayelana ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ugesi.

Konke lokhu kwaqala ngo-1939, lapho i-uranium ukuqoqwa latholakala eJalimane. ucwaningo German unesithakazelo kakhulu e-USSR. Ososayensi kanye kwaba sobala ukuthi i kuphela luhlelo loluvulekile evumela izindodla amandla. Uma ochwepheshe wakwazi ukufunda indlela ukulawula indlela osabela eziyinkimbinkimbi, bekuyoba ukuxazulula eziningi izinkinga zomnotho. Ucwaningo lokuqala Soviet ezihlobene athomu obunokuthula, owawuse-Rian (Radium Isikhungo Academy of Sciences) ngaphansi kobuholi physics esidumile Igor Kurchatov.

Uhlanga yenuzi

Umsebenzi we ososayensi Soviet sebehlushwa ngenxa yokuntuleka izinqolobane eU.SSR uqobo of uranium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1941, ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kanye nalokho okutholwe wamavukelambuso kwadingeka ukukhohlwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-ajenda kuphazanyisiwe e-UK, USA naseJalimane. Indida itholakala lokuthi ukuthi amandla enuzi iye yasakazeka njengosongo nehlumela iphrojekthi lezempi. Yiqiniso, amazwe owalwa kwasekuqaleni uzama ukuthola Isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke, bese ukuba zicabange ngezindlela zokuthula ukusebenzisa abakutholile.

Eyokuqala enuzi ngokuhlakaza zokuhlola wethulwa US ngo-December 1942. Umholi Project usosayensi wase-Italy u-Enrico Fermi. Ngo-USSR, lo ophendulayo siqala ngasekupheleni 1946 e-Institute of Atomic Energy. Ngalesi sikhathi-ke wathatha US nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. ESoviet Union wadala ibhomu le-athomu ngo-1949, ne-hydrogen - ngo-1953. Impi yayisiphelile, ososayensi baye baqala ukulungiselela enuzi ngokuhlakaza ukusebenzisa emnothweni zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kazwelonke.

NPP Ukwakhiwa

Eyokuqala isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi emhlabeni wethulwa ehlobo ngonyaka 1954. Kwaba Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, ise Kaluga esifundeni. E-United States kancane sekwephuzile futhi waqala nokuqhuba-athomu ugesi. Ngo-1956, abantu baseMelika okokuqala zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela usebenzisa ophendulayo ukuthola ugesi. Kancane kancane, amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali esekelwe entsha izitshalo amandla enuzi. Ngamunye wabo beat elinye amandla irekhodi.

Isiqongo yentuthuko amandla enuzi wafika engxenyeni 1960 yesibili. Khona-ke, inani emisebenzini yokwakha amandla enuzi waqala ukuze wehlise. E-US Congress kanye wezesayensi uqalile ingxoxo nezindaba ezihlobene ukuphepha-athomu elinokuthula. Noma kunjalo, igezi 1986 enuzi izitshalo amandla safinyelela uphawu 15% umthamo ezivezwa ezivamile izitshalo amandla.

uphawu amandla enuzi

Ngo-1958 e-Brussels, okuyinto isingathwe Fair omunye Umhlaba, wayivula Atomium. Ngenhla Design Umqondo wezakhiwo Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium ubukeka njengoba anda yensimbi crystal ngehele ayisishiyagalolunye ama-athomu axhunyiwe ndawonye. isisindo wezakhiwo - amathani 2.400, futhi ukuphakama kuyinto 102 metres. Izivakashi ungathola eziyisithupha ayisishiyagalolunye sphere. Lezi ama-athomu onobuhle okhulisiwe eyikhulu namashumi bhiliyoni izikhathi, exhunywe omunye komunye amabili imitha-23 amapayipi. Ngaphakathi kuwo kukhona imihubhe futhi escalators.

Photo of the "athomu zokuthula ', esasivela e Brussels, phakathi nale nkathi zenuzi, yasheshe emhlabeni wonke, futhi Atomium baba uphawu wonke amandla enuzi kanye umqondo wokuthi wamavukelambuso okutholwe yisayensi kufanele sisetshenziselwe kuzuze isintu, hhayi impi nasekubhujisweni. Belgian izivakashi ezishiwo inoveli by odumile Soviet abalobi yesayensi Strugatsky abazalwane "ngoMsombuluko iqala ngoMgqibelo". uphawu athomu obunokuthula liyavela iqoqo imidwebo, kanye amaphosta, enikelwe amandla enuzi.

isici kwemvelo

Inkinga ukungcoliswa kwemvelo by imfucumfucu enemisebe kuphuthuma ngokwengeziwe nsuku ngonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, e-athomu obunokuthula yesimanje Russian wahlanganyela ubhoko 10 enuzi izitshalo amandla. Zonke lezi amabhizinisi badinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ukuze ejensi kwemvelo futhi uhulumeni.

Ngo-European Union unyaka ngamunye aqoqana ayizinkulungwane 50 cubic metres kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi. Inkinga ukhiye itholakala lokuthi kwakusaphazwa onjalo ihlala esiyingozi izinkulungwane zeminyaka (isibonelo, inkathi zokuwohloka ka plutonium-239 uneminyaka engu 24,000).

Ukuchithwa kokungcola kuyalawulwa

Namuhla, kunamabandla imiqondo eziningana sendlela angaphila ngayo kangcono ukuqeda nuclear waste. Umqondo sokuqala ukwakha ekhosombeni ezisebusweni phansi izilwandle. Kunzima indlela awenziwanga. Iziqukathi kumele ibe ukujula kakhulu, ngaphezu, angalimaza wamanje ulwandle.

Umqondo wesibili ubhekwa NASA, enganikeza ukuthumela nuclear waste emkhathini. Le ndlela iphephile Ngomhlaba, kodwa igcwele imali ngokweqile. Zikhona nezinye imibono: ukuthekelisa udoti ukuze iziqhingi lingenamuntu gqiba kubo eqhweni Antarctica. Kodwa manje eyamukelekayo kakhulu kubhekwa nokwakha izindunduma e okwakheke rock ngomshoshaphansi. Izifundo ezihlobene lo mbono, iqhubeke iqhutshelwa eJalimane and Switzerland.

Yisifundo EChernobyl

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, amandla enuzi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi kwangabi bikho ophikisayo. Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka-athomu obunokuthula eU.SSR nakwamanye amazwe baqhubeka ukunwetshwa zabo zomnotho. Nokho, ngo-1986 kwaba khona nhlekelele eChernobyl, okuyinto buye baphoqa abantu uhlaziye salo sengqondo sokungafuni ukuba enuzi izitshalo amandla. Esiteshini, eduze Pripyat, ukuqhuma kwenzeka, umphumela owawungumnyaka kubhujiswa lesi ophendulayo futhi ikhiphela imvelo esiningi enobungozi izinto radioactive.

Isiqubulo abadumile namaSoviet "athomu othulile zonke ekhaya" siye safakwa ebucayini. Ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbalwa abantu 30 wafa ngemuva kwengozi. Nokho, imiphumela ngemisebe weqiniso wathi kamuva. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ubhekene nobulwelwe wafa inqwaba yabantu. Izinkulungwane izakhamuzi zaseSoviet babe endaweni elinegciwane. Izingxenye ezinkulu Belarus, Ukraine neRussia babé engafanele ezolimo. Le ngozi ngesikhathi eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi kwaholela kwaqubuka kwabokufika yezenhlalakahle maqondana amandla enuzi. Ngemva kwale nhlekelele, iziteshi eziningi zavalwa emhlabeni wonke.

Nakuba kuka-30 eminyakeni of nezinyathelo zokuvikela lezi zinkampani baye kubonakale ngcono, kwakuthiwa inhlekelele efanayo EChernobyl kungaphinde kwenzeke futhi. Lo mcimbi wezingozi, kokubili ngaphambi nangemva eChernobyl: ngo-1957 - e-United Kingdom (Windscale), ngo-1979 - e-US (Mile Island), ngo-2011 - e-Japan (Fukushima). Namuhla, i-IAEA eqoqwe ulwazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo kuka 1,000 eziteshini. Izimbangela ezingozi: bomshayeli (80%), kancane kaningi - design amaphutha. Ngezinye Fukushima eJapane, eziphuthumayo livelile ngenxa Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla ne-tsunami okwalandela.

Amathemba Amandla Nuclear

Umbuzo noma ngabe kukhona ikusasa amandla enuzi obunokuthula, kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono kunzima futhi uvusa izingxabano eziningi ochwepheshe. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu izici engqubuzanayo ikusasa layo akucacile futhi ungaqondakali. projection kwakamuva ukuthi kudedela International Energy Agency, ethi uma mikhuba iqhubeka yisabelo ugesi ezivezwa enuzi izitshalo amandla, ziyokuwa-2030 kusuka ku-15% kuya ku-9%.

Kuze kube muva nje, amandla enuzi odingeka kuhlanganise ngenxa amanani aphezulu kawoyela. Nokho, ngo-2014 bawa ngokucijile. Ngakho, kukhona enye ehlukile ukuze amandla enuzi cheapened. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi i-athomu abanokuthula kuphela inikeza ugesi (okungukuthi, ngisho noma ukusetshenziswa kabanzi awukwazi ukuhlukana ngokuphelele umphakathi amandla kwencika).

Amafutha noma ugesi?

Amafutha, kumnyama noma kubomvu, kubalulekile umkhakha nezokuthutha. Mayelana 40% amandla edliwe-United States, inqobo nsiza. Kusukela ukuncika uwoyela ayikwazanga ukuqeda Japan neFrance (nakuba ngenkuthalo usebenzisa NPP). Ngakho kukhona ikusasa athomu ezinokuthula noma ke sibheke ukuhlala emthunzini "igolide abamnyama"? Le mikhuba zisikisela ukuthi isitshalo kungase kungabi esikhathini esidlule. Nokho, abanye intuthuko eyenzekile muva nje inikezwe amandla enuzi ithuba elisha.

Sikhuluma ukubukeka izimoto ukuthi zihamba ngophethiloli akuyona, futhi ugesi. Namuhla, izimoto enjalo uya ukuzuza US kanye nezimakethe European. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka amaningana izimoto kagesi ngeke kuyinsakavukela. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuhlenga umnotho wembulunga zifike athomu futhi enokuthula. NPP bakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga izidingo okwandayo lamazwe ezahlukene ugesi.

Fusion amandla

Kunenye ngombono, lapho i-athomu obunokuthula ungenza ukunqoba kwezomnotho. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu aphathelene nalelo kukhona ukusebenza Isizalo okuphephile enuzi izitshalo amandla. Umbuzo yezimo zezulu eziyinkimbinkimbi nokushintshashintsha ukungcwatshwa kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi nophethiloli wachitha emenza umqondo ka ukukubika ezindaweni zamandla enunzi e Fusion entsha yama-athomu. amabhizinisi okunjalo kuyoba okuphephile ngokuphelele imvelo. Kodwa ngaphambi ubuchwepheshe kuyi-athomu ye obunokuthula bazothola ekukhiqizeni, ochwepheshe kuyodingeka ahambe ibanga elide.

Namuhla ku iphrojekthi iArmagedoni asebevele besebenza amaqembu angu-33. Globality isithembiso ngophethiloli iArmagedoni kubangelwa sebuningini izinzuzo zayo. Akukhona ephephile kuphela imvelo, kodwa futhi ongashi. Isisetshenziswa ezidingekayo ososayensi - deuterium, elisuselwa ulwandle. The main zobuchwepheshe umehluko iArmagedoni esiteshini kusukela NPP wukuthi entsha amabhizinisi Fusion (ubungako bokudlulisa kwenziwa yangaphambili amandla enuzi) kuzokwenzeka. Mhlawumbe kungalesi sikhathi ubuchwepheshe ikusasa-athomu elinokuthula.