Nokubhonywa athomu eHiroshima futhi Nagasaki: Izimbangela Nemiphumela

Okulandelayo nyaka, isintu ngeke sigubha iminyaka 70 seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, yavivshey izibonelo eziningi zodlame ngezinga elingakaze lifinyelelwe, uma izinsuku ezimbalwa noma ngisho amahora zinyamalale kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba wonke umuzi futhi abulala khona amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, kuhlanganise nabantu abavamile nje. Isibonelo acacile kakhulu nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, lokulungisiswa sokuziphatha okuyinto wangabaza yinoma yimuphi umuntu enengqondo.

Japan phakathi kweengaba zokugcina zeMpi Yezwe II

Njengoba wazi, eJalimane lobuNazi umaluju ngobusuku Meyi 9, 1945. Lokhu kwasho ukuphela kwempi e-Europe. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi abaphikisi kuphela umfelandawonye anti-undlovukayiphikiswa wahlala Japan yasebukhosini, ngaleso sikhathi uzwakalise impi mayelana 6 amazwe kweshumi. Kakade ngenxa yezimpi olunegazi amaviyo alo bexoshwa Indonesia futhi Indochina ngo-June 1945. Kodwa lapho i-United States, kanye izwe laseBrithani nelase-China ethulwa ugwayi katiki ukuba umyalo Japanese, waliwa ku 26 Julayi. Kulokhu, ngisho ngesikhathi Conference Yalta, iSoviet Union wenza isibopho ngo-August ukuze uqale okuhlaselayo emikhulu ngokumelene Japan, okuyiwona ekupheleni kwempi, kuye kwadingeka ukuba idluliselwe South Sakhalin kanye Kuril Islands.

Okudingeka zisebenzisa izikhali e-athomu

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lezi zenzakalo, ekwindla ka-1944 emhlanganweni abaholi USA and UK asebenzelana ngayo kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa amabhomu amasha sverhrazrushitelnyh ngokumelene Japan. Ngemva kwalokho, lo odumile Manhattan Project, umkhankaso ngonyaka ngaphambili futhi okuhloswe ngawo ukudala zenuzi, ke yaqala ukusebenza benomfutho omusha, futhi ukusebenza ukudalwa amasampula zayo zokuqala yaqedwa kwaphela impi e-Europe.

Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki: Ubangela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu

Ngakho, ngo-ihlobo lango-1945, e-US baba umnikazi yedwa kwezikhali zenuzi emhlabeni futhi wanquma ukusebenzisa leli inzuzo ukuze acindezele isitha sakho kanye ubudala ngesikhathi esifanayo abakanye anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana - i-USSR.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naphezu ukunqotshwa, morale Japan wayengekho eziphukile. Njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi yonke amakhulu usuku amasosha we-Imperial Army kwaba Kamikaze Kaiten futhi iqondiswa ezindizeni zabo futhi torpedo imikhumbi kanye nezinye okuhloswe wezempi US Army. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ngesikhathi ukusebenza phansi endaweni Japan uqobo amabutho ahlangene alindele Silahlekelwe kakhulu. Leso sizathu zokugcina namuhla avame ezacashunwa izikhulu US njengoba isizathu ulunge kangakanani isidingo izinyathelo ezifana nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Thina bayalibala ukuthi, emazwini Churchill, amasonto amathathu ngaphambi le ngqungquthela Potsdam , uStalin wamtshela ngeSikhumbuzo imizamo ye-Japanese ukusungula inkhulumomphendvulwano enokuthula. Kusobala ukuthi amazwi anjalo futhi abameleli lizwe kwenzekani ukwenza BaseMelika British, njengoba nokubhonywa omkhulu emadolobheni amakhulu ngibeké umkhakha abo ezempi sisonqenqemeni wokugoqa futhi wenza Zinikeleni ngenakugwemeka.

ukukhetha zokukhomba

Emva kokuthola sivumelwano ngokomthetho ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali-athomu ngokumelene Japan, ikomiti ekhethekile kwamiswa. umhlangano sayo sesibili sasingo-May 10-11 futhi yayizimisele ukukhethwa Imizi kwakumelwe ngamabhomu. Lezi zindlela eziyinhloko eziye waqondisa Commission kwakuyilawa:

• khona oyisibopho emhlabeni ilitshe lempi izinto ezisetshenziswa umphakathi;
• nekubaluleka kwalo abantu Japanese, hhayi kuphela kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho futhi amasu umbono, kodwa futhi kusukela ngokwengqondo;
• ngezinga eliphezulu ukubaluleka kwento, ukubhujiswa okungasenza resonance emhlabeni;
• umgomo akufanele ziye kabana ngamabhomu, ukuthi ezempi bakwazi bayakwazisa amandla izikhali ezintsha kweqiniso.

Yikuphi idolobha kubhekwe yisigcibisholo

Isibalo "ukhetho" kwakuyilawa:

• Kyoto, okungukufa zezimboni kanye namasiko isikhungo ngobukhulu futhi inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane lasendulo;
• Hiroshima njengenhlangano port ezibalulekile ezempi kanye emzini lapho ezitolo ibutho abangu bagxila;
• Yokohama, okuyinto maphakathi umkhakha empi;
• Kokura - indawo ngobukhulu lempi arsenal.

Ngokwe-Umlando lokusinda abahlanganyeli lezo zenzakalo, nakuba injongo ofanele kunayo yonke kwakuwukuthola Kyoto, United States lempi uNgqongqoshe G. Stimson waphikelela ngokuthi exclusion edolobheni ohlwini, njengoba ayemazi mathupha nge zokungcebeleka zayo futhi amelwe value abo kuze empucukweni yomhlaba.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki ekuqaleni hhayi breaded. Okuningi ngokunembile, njengoba Umgomo wesibili ayebhekwa emzini Kokura. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi Agasti 9 ku Nagasaki kwenziwa i airstrike oholele ukukhathazeka futhi ziphoqelelwe izakhamizi ukuze kuphunywe iningi abafundi emizini ezungezile. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ngenxa nezingxoxo ezinde Okuqondiwe esikhululekile ababekhethiwe, uma eziphuthumayo. Ziyakwazi:

• kwamabhomu lokuqala, uma uze ukwazi hit Hiroshima - Niigata;
• yesibili (esikhundleni Kokura) - Nagasaki.

ukuqeqeshwa

Nokubhonywa athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki yafuna ukulungiselela kahle. Phakathi nengxenye ka-May neka-June wesibili, base esiqhingini Tinian lathuthela 509 th Composite Air Iqembu US Air Force, ngakhoke izinyathelo ezehlukile nokuvikeleka athathwa. Ngemva kwenyanga, ngomhla ka-July 26 esiqhingini waletha-athomu ibhomu "Umfanyana" nezinombolo 28 yezingxenye lenhlangano "Fat Man". Ngosuku olufanayo Dzhordzh Marshall, ngaleso sikhathi kulesi sikhundla uSihlalo we Joint Chiefs of Abasebenzi, abeke isignesha yakhe ngaphansi umlayo ukuze lelisu bombardment zenuzi noma ngasiphi isikhathi ngemuva Agasti 3, lapho kukhona eyanele izimo zezulu.

Eyokuqala kuhlasela athomu Japan

Idethi nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki akakwazi ngokuthi ngokucacile ngokuthi ukuhlaselwa enuzi lena yayiyimizi izimisele ne umehluko izinsuku 3.

Igalelo lokuqala sabangelwa eHiroshima. Kwathi June 6, eneminyaka engu-1945. "Dumisani" uphonsa ibhomu "Umfanyana" waya crew indiza iB-29, wethiwa "Enola Gay", elaliholwa uColonel Tibbets. Futhi ngaphambi flying pilot, eqiniseka ukuthi zenza umsebenzi omuhle futhi "feat" yabo iyolandelwa esiphethweni okusheshayo kwempi, wavakashela isonto futhi wathola umfuma nge potassium cyanide esimweni falling ekuthunjweni.

Kanye "Enola Gay" akhwela ezintathu izindiza kwesimo endaweni emoyeni, eklanyelwe ukunquma izimo sezulu kanye bead 2 wezithombe amadivayisi sokutadisha kwemigomo ukuqhuma.

Yena esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa senzeka ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwezinkinga, kusukela lempi Japanese abazange bakuqaphele izinto egijimela Hiroshima, futhi isimo sezulu ezingaphezu kuka evumayo. Kwabe sekwenzekani kungabonwa ngokubheka tape "zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu le-athomu Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki" - idokhumentari wabuthela kusuka newsreels wenza ePacific ekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Ikakhulukazi, lapho kuboniswa ifu mushroom, okuyinto, ngokusho uCaptain Roberta Lyuisa, owayeyilungu sesisebenza we "Enola Gay", ubonakala ngisho nangemva indiza yabo ngendiza ukudedelwa iphuzu amabhomu amamayela 400.

Nokubhonywa Nagasaki

Ehluke wabe ukusebenza ukulahla ibhomu, "Fat Man", eyenziwa 9 Agasti. Ngokuvamile, nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, izithombe okuyinto zivuse izinhlangano nge izincazelo aziwayo be-Apocalypse, iye zilungiswe ngokucophelela, kanye kwento engase yenze izinguquko ukuze ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitatimende, kwaba sezulu. Yilokhu okwenzeka lapho entathakusa yango-August 9, esiqhingini Tinian indiza landizela iphansi kwesandla sika-Major Charles Sweeney kanye ngebhomu le-athomu, "Fat Man" ebhodini. Ngezinye 8 amahora nemizuzu 10 ebhodini wafika endaweni ayekuyo ukuhlangana yesibili - B-29, kodwa akawatholanga kuye. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-40 sokulinda, kwanqunywa ukuba enze izindiza esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa sodwa, kodwa kwathi emzini Kokura bekulokhu 70% esinamafu -owned. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba indiza wayezazi ukwehluleka fuel futha, futhi ngaleso sikhathi lapho ibhodi wayephezu Kokura, kuba sobala ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela abangahlanganyela ngayo kabusha "Fat Man" - ukukwenza ngesikhathi indiza phezu Nagasaki. Khona-B-29 baya emzini futhi wenza ukuhlela kabusha we ngebhomu le-athomu, siqondiswa enkundleni yezemidlalo. Ngakho, ngengozi Kokura wasinda, futhi umhlaba wonke wayazi ukuthi yayingekho nokubhonywa athomu eHiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Ngenhlanhla, uma amagama afana ngaso sonke ezifanele kulesi simo, ibhomu lilishiyile injongo yokuqala, ngempela kude nezindawo zokuhlala, kancane yanciphisa inani labafayo.

Imiphumela nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki

Ngokusho ofakazi, emva kwamaminithi ambalwa zonke lezo ngaphakathi endaweni engaba amamitha angu-800 ukusuka lapho ukuzamazama kwaqala khona ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu abangaphakathi, wafa. Khona-ke imililo uqalise, lapho e Hiroshima basheshe yaphenduka tornado ngenxa umoya, ijubane eyayiqhele 50-60 km / ihora.

Nokubhonywa enuzi Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki nesintu wethulwa into enjalo njengoba ukugula ngemisebe. Abakubona kuqala odokotela wakhe. Bamangazwa ukuthi isimo yabasindileyo lokuqala, yathuthuka, futhi bafa ngenxa yalesi sifo, izimpawu okwakukhona ezifana nohudo ke. Ezinsukwini zokuqala nezinyanga ngemva kokuba kwenziwe nokubhonywa Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki, ambalwa kungenzeka wabikezela ukuthi nowalabo ababephila ngalezo zikhathi kuyoba konke ukuphila kwami ahlupheke yizifo ezihlukahlukene, ngisho ukuba azale izingane okungenampilo.

izenzakalo ezalandela

Agasti 9, ngokushesha ngemuva izindaba nokubhonywa Nagasaki kanye sempi yiSoviet Union, uMbusi Hirohito wakhuluma esivuna i umaluju ngokushesha, inqobo nje uma leli lizwe ngokokusebenza kwamandla akhe. Kodwa emva kwezinsuku 5 abezindaba Japanese kubika isitatimende sakhe phezu ukumisa impi ngolimi lwesiNgisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embhalweni loMhlabathi okukhulunywa ukuthi omunye izizathu zesinqumo sakhe kuba phambi kwesitha "izikhali ezimbi", ukusetshenziswa okungase kuholele lapho kubhujiswa lesi isizwe.