Umlando: definition. Umlando: umqondo. umlando Ukunqunywa njengoba isayensi

Uyakholelwa yini ungakwazi ukunikeza 5 Tincumo umlando? Futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe? Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe, yini umlando, iziphi izici zako futhi amaphuzu amaningi umbono ngalolu isayensi. Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu baqaphela ukuthi izenzakalo kanye netinchubo yonke zenzeka ukulandelana ethile ngesikhathi, futhi amanye kwemukeleka, okuyinto ingachazwa.

Umlando Umphakathi

Uma sicabanga welithi "umphakathi" futhi "umlando" ebuhlotsheni babo, kusobala iqiniso ezithakazelisayo. Okokuqala, umqondo wegama elithi "Umlando", ekubeni lahlotshaniswa nokuba imiqondo "ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi", "inqubo yokuxhumana", ephawula self-ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu nezindawo zayo abamelwe. Ngakho kusobala ukuthi nayo incazelo izinqubo kanye izenzakalo kunikezwa ingukuphila ngabanye kuzo. Ngakho, esikhundleni e-Europe nase-Afrika solonitom latifundia, serfdom izinkokhelo noma Taylorism e umkhakha nokuphathana kwabantu kungabhekwa njengesinyathelo esigabeni emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Nale ekuqondeni ezomlando ke ukuthi abantu busa ezinye amabutho engenabuntu nomphakathi.

Okwesibili, uma "umphakathi" icaciswe welithi "umphakathi", esashiwo ngendlela engokoqobo nomphakathi, "umlando" icacisa "umphakathi" futhi incazelo yalo. Umlando, ngakho-ke, yakhiwa izinqubo zokuphila zabantu. Ngamanye amazwi, ichaza lapho lezi izinqubo ezimbili, futhi lapho leaked t. D.

Okwesithathu, uma lokhu mqondo ngokujulile ukuziqonda ke babonakalise ubuhlobo bayo nje kuphela esikhathini esidlule uma uzama ukuchaza. Umlando, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukhuluma ngempela izinsuku ubudala, ngesisekelo isimo samanje ukuphila ezenhlalo nezamasiko. Ngenxa yalokho, izidingo zanamuhla ezenzeka esikhathini esidlule, abe-juqu. Ngamanye amazwi, kuvela okulandelayo uma uzama ukuchaza umlando kuchazwe ngokuqondene okwamanje, lolulwazi esidlule enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba iziphetho ezidingekile esizayo. Ngalo mqondo, isayensi, kanye nokwamukela yangaphambili, futhi nesizayo, uyalandisa kubo izenzo zabantu.

Ukuqonda umlando emphakathini athuthukile

Emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela ekukhuleni komphakathi umlando waqonda ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela athuthukile imiphakathi kanye namandla ngaphakathi ashukumisayo yayo ulibuka esidlule kuze kube namuhla futhi esikhathini esizayo kusukela esikhathini samanje. Ngokuvamile kwencazelo umlando njengoba isayensi kunikezwa maqondana umlando impucuko. Kukholakala ukuthi kwaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-4000 edlule.

Ukuqonda umlando imiphakathi yendabuko

Ngo bendabuko, umphakathi emuva esebeké ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu. Ukulwela kuyo njengokungathi isampuli ibekwe ku-target ekahle. Emiphakathini ezinjalo, izinganekwane inqobe. Ngakho-ke babizwa komlando, abanalo isipiliyoni zomlando emphakathini.

Amabili amathuba yomlando abagcina

"Kusiza," umlando itholakala lokuthi ukuthi okwenzeka, kunjengokungathi obala ukuze abantu. ukuhamba kwayo futhi intuthuko yomuntu ukuba bagcine uhla close kunzima. Ngokuvamile, singaxoxa mayelana nokwenzeka kokubona izindaba ezimbili. Omunye wabo ahlobene ekwakhekeni ubuntu bengane, kanti omunye ukubhalisa esingaguquguquki amafomu ezithile inhlangano ezigabeni izinqubo nomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, indaba kwemvelo amafomu yezenhlalakahle nobuntu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile kwencazelo umlando njengoba isayensi, ukusungulwa imingcele phakathi nawo wonke umlando womuntu kanye nezenzakalo ezenzeka phambi komuntu ebonakala. Ubunzima itholakala lokuthi ukuthi impendulo yalo mbuzo incike isikhundla nombhali, ukucabanga kwakhe, onobuhle yesayensi-theory kanye nama-kusukela ngisho ngokwabo izinto ngqo likhishiwe.

Nemkhawulo yaphawula umlando

Inchazelo, kufanele sibe nesithakazelo, kuyoba akuphelele uma asizange uqaphele ukuthi kukhona dynamism emlandweni. Ubunjalo umphakathi ukuthi ukhona kushintsheke njalo. Lokhu kuyaqondakala. Iqiniso, ezwakalisa ezihlukahlukene yenza ubuhlobo babantu njengoba Logistics, ezenhlalo nezidalwa esisebenzayo-ngokomoya, akukwazi static.

Nemkhawulo we emlandweni wesintu isihloko sesifundo somuntu isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokucabangela imizamo ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo ukwazi izenzakalo ezenzeka emphakathini, kuhlanganise fantasies zabo kanye imicabango yokuzakhela. Ukuqhathanisa elula ukulingana enkathini ka abazingeli kanye ababutha avele ekwehlukanisweni kwetindzima abantu babe izigqila isigqila-abanikazi lasendulo kuye kwaphumela Izinganekwane "yokuchuma" inganekwane. Ngokusho la manga, indaba ihamba kumbuthano. Inchazelo, sisuke anentshisekelo, kusukela lo mbono wehlukile lwanamuhla. Isizathu ngokunyakaza umbuthano ekhonjiwe agumenti ezifana: "UNkulunkulu wabeka ngakho," noma "lona ucingo bemvelo", njll Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekuqaleni ziqondiswe umbuzo okushiwo umlando.

Umlando ngokombono inkolo yobuKristu

Ngokokuqala ngqá e-European umcabango nobuntu esidlule lwesintu ngokombono lwenkolo yobuKristu wanika Avreliy Avgustin (354-430 GG.). Ngokusekelwe iBhayibheli liye ihlukaniswe emlandweni wesintu ku ubudala eziyisithupha. Esikhathini okuqinisekile lesithupha wabuyela wayehlala futhi esebenza iisus hristos, ngokuvumelana Avreliy Avgustin (isithombe sakhe kuboniswa ngezansi).

Ngokusho inkolo yobuKristu, kwasekuqaleni, indaba ihamba indlela ethile, ngakho-ke, kukhona i logic yangaphakathi kanye nomuzwa saphezulu, owakhiwa ikakhulukazi umgomo oyinhloko. Okwesibili, umlando wesintu Kancani kancani liyasondela intuthuko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kulawulwa Nkulunkulu isintu esefinyelele ukuvuthwa. Okwesithathu, indaba uhlukile. Nakuba umuntu wayedalwe nguNkulunkulu ngokuba izono ezenziwe oPhezukonke, kuyodingeka ngcono.

intuthuko zomlando

Uma, ngaphambi kwekhulu XVIII wabusa ngokuphelele umbono wamaKristu yomlando, ongqondongqondo European asekuqaleni ezikhathini zanamuhla intuthuko labatsandvwa baphindze imithetho yemvelo yomlando, kanye ukuqaphela kwakuwukuthi isiphetho zonke izizwe umthetho esinobunye izenzakalo ezingokomlando. Italian J. Vico, amaFulentshi Lakho noJean Condorcet, amaJalimane Kant, umalusi, Hegel no abanye babekholelwa ukuthi intuthuko kubonakala ekuthuthukiseni isayensi, ubuciko, inkolo, ifilosofi, umthetho, nokunye. D. Bonke ngothi lwabo, ekugcineni, umqondo ofanayo intuthuko kwezenhlalo-zomlando.

Marx wayephakathi futhi umsekeli emgqeni we intuthuko emphakathini. Ngokusho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, intuthuko ekugcineni uhlezi phezu ukuthuthukiswa zamabutho elikhiqizayo. Nokho, lokhu kuqonda ngokuphelele indawo yalo ngesikhukhula emlandweni wesintu esilinganisweni ngenxa is hhayi kubonakala. Iqhaza main eyadlalwa izigaba zokuphila.

Ukunqunywa izindaba kufanele umnike, siphawula futhi ukuthi ekupheleni XX leminyaka ukuqonda intuthuko yayo ukunyakaza yomugqa, noma kunalokho absolutization yayo, wabonisa ukwehluleka kwayo okugcwele. nabafisa ukuzovakasha e-Endulo yayikhona umbono, ikakhulukazi, ukulihambisa emhlabeni. Njengoba kulindelekile, laba ukubukwa banikezwe ifomu elisha futhi abasizakali.

Umqondo umlando ngebhayisikili

Bamafilosofi we aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga obuke inkambo yomlando imicimbi thize, repeatability futhi isigqi esithile. Ngesisekelo lokhu kubukwa kancane kancane kwakheka umqondo ka PERIODICITY, isb. E. Ukuvela e ekukhuleni komphakathi. Njengoba kuveziwe yisazi-mlando ngobukhulu wesimanje Fernand Braudel, izenzakalo zomlando PERIODICITY eyinqaba. Uma lokhu kunakwe kusukela kwasungulwa izinqubo ngaphambi kokuba baqede.

I PERIODICITY izinguquko ebonwe amafomu amabili: ungubani letindzala kanye nomlando. Izinguquko zezenhlalo ezenzeka kohlaka imibandela ethize izinga zisenza sibe izinguquko ezilandelayo qualitative. It kuyabonakala ukuthi ngenxa ukuzinza imvamisa inikezwa yi isikhundla emphakathini.

Amafomu komlando PERIODICITY, ngokososayensi, izigaba ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu, ngokukhethekile, ukhonkolo kuhlangene izingxenye zalo ukudlula ngesikhathi esithile bese uyayeka. Ngu uhlobo ukubonisa PERIODICITY kuye lapho ohlelweni ke itshalwa, kuyinto pendulum (e uhlelo encane), isiyingi (value isilinganiso uhlelo), i-inamagquma (izinhlelo ezinkulu), njalo njalo. D.

Ukungabaza mayelana nenqubekela asbolyutno

Nakuba kwentuthuko okwengeziwe komphakathi ngandlela-thile obonwa eziningi, Nokho ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX futhi ikakhulukazi ekhulwini XX yaqala ukubonakala ukungabaza mayelana umqondo sokulindela okuhle intuthuko ngokuphelele. Ukuze inqubo intuthuko kwelinye direction kuholela ekuhlehleni kwesinye, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingozi ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kanye nomphakathi.

Namuhla, ingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kukhona into ezifana umlando isimo. Ukuchaza kubo awubonakali abangele noma ibuphi ubunzima. Nokho, njengoba ungabona, indaba ingabonwa okuvela ezinhlangothini eziningana, nokubukwa ke ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene baye bashintsha kakhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqá sethulwa lokhu isayensi, lapho sifika ngo-September kuya ku-grade 5th. Umlando, izincazelo okuyizinto ngalesi sikhathi abafundi baqonda kancane lula. Kulesi sihloko, saxoxa nomqondo ezijulile futhi ezihlukahlukene. Manje uzokwazi ukwazi izici isici umlando, ukuchaza. Umlando - isayensi ezithakazelisayo, ujwayele okuyinto abaningi bafuna ukuqhubeka nangemva kwesikole.