Yini eyabangela kumiswa landforms aeolian? Inqubo ukwakha impumuzo

Ngaphansi impumuzo baqonde yakha ebusweni iplanethi yethu, okuyinto kubhekwa maqondana ezingeni elithile. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba zonke semfene bezwe, kolwandle nolwandle phansi. Imihlobo ehlukeneko impumuzo zihlukaniswa yisayizi ubudala, futhi umlando ukuthuthukiswa.

Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuba ucabangele lokhu esigabeni design futhi lapho kwakhiwa umgwaqo, ujantshi kanye nezinye amanethiwekhi. impumuzo Isici (sezintaba, inamagquma, flat nokunye. d.) kakhulu zithinte inani lomsebenzi kanye nezindleko.

Movement of landforms

Zonke semfene umhlaba zihlukaniswe zibe:

1. Intaba. Lokhu landform Isigaxa emise, ezinde ngenhla sezwe ezizungezile. Iphuzu esiphezulu entabeni libizwa sokudlondlobala, okungaba noma oyingozi noma athathe isimo isayithi (ithafa). Ebusweni lateral ka awalethe enjalo aqukethe skates. Leso, okhombisa ezintabeni Fusion ne sezwe ezizungezile, base noma yedwa.

2. Lapho kugujwa. Leli fomu wokukhululeka okuphambene entabeni futhi kuyinto ukucindezeleka avaliwe. Iphuzu aphansi emgodini okuthiwa phansi. I evele ohlangothini ezifana landforms luphonswa, futhi uhlu ekubumbaneni nge endaweni ezungezile - brow.
3. lamagquma. Akusikho lutho kodwa egqumeni, welula ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, futhi kancane kancane kunciphisa ukuphakama. Zonke amabanga kufanele emithambekeni ezimbili, okuyinto uhlangane phezulu esebumba umugqa kwemithombo yamanzi.
4. Dell. landforms okunjalo okuphambene emikhulu. Basuke side, njalo bephonsa kude lapho zivuliwe kolunye. Dell has kummango ezimbili yokuxhuma umugqa nakangaka, egijima eduze kwaleli imfundo. Isibonelo ifomu enjalo ongakhonza esigodini kanye udonga. Esimweni sokuqala, singakhuluma a eziyize ezibanzi, kokuba flat, nemithambeka Turf obude. Gully ngokuyisisekelo sihluke ukwakheka ezinjalo. Kuyinto udonga encani okuyindlela ashone emaweni futhi abanalo Turf.
5. Saddle. Le ndawo ukuqala zokuzamazama uhlangane skates elele phakathi entabeni emibili elandelanayo. Ngezinye izikhathi the sehhashi itholakala esizeni nokuhlanganiswa ongumlando lamagquma. On endaweni yayo, njengoba umthetho, abantu kuvuleke emizileni nokuhamba noma imigwaqo, ebabizela sihamba. Kusukela sehhashi ukunweba e okuphambene izinkomba hazel.

Zonke izinhlobo ngenhla wokukhululeka kuyizinto eziyinhloko.

imfundo Izindlela

Impumuzo indawo - a semfene ahlukene convex noma phakathi, okuyinto kungabonakala nasemkhakheni emhlabathini. buyisiphi ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu futhi imvelaphi. Ngakho, bonke ekhona eplanethini yethu ezimazombezombe basonta mega, micro, Meso kanye nano-impumuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka yabo ungase ubangelwe amanzi erosive noma ukuqhuma, glacial noma Karst, zomhlaba noma aeolian izinqubo. Ngayinye yalezi izindlela uhlobo oluthile ukunyakaza yamandla nezinto ezisebenza ngamanzi ekujuleni kolwandle noma phezu kwe-koqweqwe.

Izinhlobonhlobo izinqubo impumuzo ukwakha

Zonke izici nomthelela ekwakhekeni ebusweni iplanethi yethu, zihlukaniswe endogenous futhi exogenous. Naphezu umehluko, zihlale ndawonye. Nokho, indima owawukhona omunye wabo incike nobuntu impumuzo kwezinye izindawo.

Ngokuphathelene izici exogenous, babehlale zenzeka phezu Earth. Ukufunda izinqubo ezinjalo - engxenyeni eyayibaluleke kwenhlabathi. Lokhu impumuzo kumiswa izinto ezifana ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye weathering, nokuhuzuka denudation, umthelela izinguzunga zeqhwa t. D. Ubangela nomphumela ofanayo imisebenzi ebalulekile eziphilayo, amandla adonsela phansi, nethonya solar energy ngemisebe. izici Exogenous ezithinta phezu ungqimba engenhla ungqimba lomhlaba ukuze kwakhiwe, njengoba umthetho, meso- futhi microforms ebusweni. Lokhu kungenxa umthelela wabo abangelutho isakhiwo Geological planethi.

landforms elikhulu akhiwa ngenxa yokuchayeka izici endogenous. It izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini emathunjini omhlaba, okuyinto zibangelwa amandla elanga adonsela phansi namandla yangaphakathi. kuphakama landforms Major ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezivukayo ngenxa ukujikeleza iplanethi yethu. engaveza kanjani izinqubo endogenous? Ukuba khona kwabo kusikisela kithi imisebenzi udaka izintabamlilo magmatism, ukunyakaza zomhlaba, njalo njalo. D. Futhi zonke lezi zimpawu zibangelwa kwethonya energy ezishisayo planethi okubangelwa ukuwohloka enemisebe okwenzeka kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa. Kuwufanele ethi izinqubo endogenous ka ungqimba lomhlaba lahlukaniswa izinhlobo - oceanic kanye nasemazweni.
Umthelela yangaphakathi ukushisa amandla kubangela ukuhamba lithosphere. Lokhu kakhulu kushintsha lesimo. amaphutha Kwakheka futhi emphethweni, amagquma kanye ayimigodi ungqimba engenhla ungqimba lomhlaba.

Yiziphi izibonelo impumuzo ezakhiwe isenzo izinqubo endogenous? Okokuqala, kubalulekile emaphutheni uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngobukhulu ne shape, kanye nesikhathi kumiswa. Ejulile lezi amaphutha - block enkulu ibhekene displacement evundla mpo. Ngokuvamile kuchazwe lamatshwayo amazwekazi. amabhlogo elikhulu uqweqwe eMhlabeni is ngokoqobo eligcwele amaphutha amancane. Ngokuvamile kuba emfuleni izigodi, amagquma kanye Izimfunda ezingasogwini. Futhi zonke lezi izinhlobo, njengoba umthetho, enze ukunyakaza yesimanje mpo e noma isiqondiso. Ngakho, upland, lapho wahlela Kurskaia, Voronezh Belgorodskaia esifundeni futhi njalo ephakamisa ijubane 4 kuya ku-6 kwangu ngonyaka. Kodwa Oka-Don Eliphansi, ngokuphambene nalokho, sokususwa. Izinga yale nqubo kufana 2 mm. Kumele ukuthi nesimo sendawo yokwakheka komhlaba we ungqimba lomhlaba kuhlobene. ukunyakaza oMdala iplanethi yethu amabhlogo bukaJehova kubonakala ubunjalo nesenzakalo kokuba kuzo amatshe.

Kuze kube manje, esinye sezici ezithinta ushintsho ekuphakameni, kuyinto umsebenzi womuntu kwezomnotho. Kukhona nethonya eliqondile ungqimba lomhlaba ngesikhathi izimayini usakhiwa, kanye nokuthuthukiswa amasimu ukutshala kwemikhiqizo yezolimo.

umoya senzo

Ukuchayeka emoyeni mass ligeleze imvelo ikuyo yonke indawo. umoya nempumuzo-umsebenzi kuyisici ukuthi kunomthelela ikakhulukazi ezinkulu on ensimini of izingwadule anesihlabathi. Abahlukahlukene umhlaba ebusweni maholoholo kulokhu kwenzeke ngokuphathelene nokuqhutshwa yenqubo deflation. Lokhu ekushayweni mass isihlabathi.

Futhi, ukudluliswa yabo kwenzeka futhi sebethule olunye (inqwaba). Labo landforms esakha ngenxa umoya, abizwa ngokuthi aeolian. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, njengoba Aeolus - igama yamaGreki asendulo unkulunkulu omoya. Uyini umsuka lolu hlobo sezwe? Kumiswa It is ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo ezilandelayo:
- deflation - okuxekethile inhlabathi ekushayweni;
- Corrosion - ukugaya futhi igaya imishini yokusaha izingodo;
- ukudluliselwa inhlabathi emoyeni emihosheni;
- ekuqongeleleni izinto.

Isivinini somoya kuhlobene nokudluliswa izinhlayiya inhlabathi, sise komhlaba. Ngakho, lapho emoyeni mass ukugeleza ngoba cishe ngomzuzwana owodwa at ibanga 4,5-6,7 amamitha angase ashukumiseleke ukuba 0.25 mm isihlabathi okusanhlamvu. Ngesivinini ephakeme (11,4-13 m / s), inani lingafika ku-1.5 mm.

Amafomu impumuzo deflationary

Izinqubo ohlabayo umhlabathi okuxekethile ngokuvamile senziwe umhlabathi olimekayo sanikelwa yokulima. Yini eyabangela kumiswa landforms aeolian kulesi simo? inqubo Deflation kungenxa ukulahlekelwa isakhiwo yi zilima humus umkhathizwe esikhathini eside. Inhlabathi iqala kalula kushaywa, ngokwezinga zalesi simo ukufinyelela 125 wamathani ehektheleni. Deflation izinqubo ezenzeka Russian Central Black Earth esifundeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1967 eningizimu ye Voronezh esifundeni zineminyaka uthuli kudilizwe mayelana 60 amathani ehektheleni inhlabathi ngayinye.

Incazelo ezindaweni zosizo lapho kancane fixed uhlaza, kuyinto alternation deflation nemicengezi aphakathi ngodonga. Lokhu okuthiwa landscape yeselula isihlabathi ezakhiwe emoyeni uquqaba kushintshana izikhombisi ku deflation okungajwayelekile izinhlayiya inhlabathi. Lapho imimoya eyaqinisa umcengezi babe inhlendla emise abe ukuma ezithile. Zibizwa ngokuthi kanje: imbobo Yiqiniso Sands aeolian. Elikhulu kunawo wonke amafomu enjalo zisesikhathini ayisikhombisa amamitha ukujula. Avame ukutholakala ese-Arabhiya, lapho bebizwa fuldzhi.

Amafomu impumuzo ezonakalisayo

mass ephathekayo isihlabathi kushaywa ngokuvamile ugaye ugaye off ezingqimbeni ebusweni idwala, lapho zitholakala endleleni ukunyakaza kwabo. Kulokhu, ukwakheka:
- niches ezonakalisayo;
- "zamatshe";
- aeolian "amakhowe itshe".

Ngokuphathelene ukugqwala niches, imfundo yabo senzeka, njengoba umthetho, i amatshe kalula destructible. Ziyakwazi isibonelo, marls futhi sandstones. Uma idwala okuxekethile embozwe obukhulu, kukhona ke ukwakhiwa 'amakhowe itshe "noma" zamatshe ". Kuyamangalisa ebuhleni bayo landforms. Zingase zifane izingongolo, imibhoshongo kanye nesikhunta.

Indlela kwakheka kulesi simangaliso yemvelo? Air mass wathatheka ekusakazweni kwakhe amancane imikhiqizo weathering, kanye ekuqongeleleni likhona of material okuxekethile. Elikhulu e ububanzi uquqaba isihlabathi nabo edwaleni. Kulokhu izinhlayiya inhlabathi asebenze njengomxhumanisi impahla athile. Bona ugaye ugaye emadwaleni ebusweni. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi imiphumela enjalo futhi eyinqaba ifomu eolian njengoba izinsika kanye nesikhunta.

Kwesinye isikhathi Umoya ushaya asendabeni okubi wonke umcengezi. Lokhu kobujamo obusaqanda noma round kokuba amashumi amaningana emakhulwini amaningana amamitha yonkana. Ngezinye izikhathi deflation imicengezi like emiseleni. Khona-ke babizwa yardang. Lezi anemifantu zivame ezakhiwe eceleni kwemigwaqo noma ezinye izakhiwo kanye Ubukhulu side.

amafomu accumulative

Noma yiziphi ukugeleza komoya mass has umthamo wayo, amandla kanye saturation. Inkomba yokuqala ephawula lemali esihlabathi uyakwazi ukuhambisa lesi amandla emoyeni. Amandla kunqunywa kusukela inombolo engokoqobo izinhlayiya inhlabathi yizinambuzane. Futhi iyini saturation umoya? Lo mbuso ratio futhi Ukuhamba umthamo. Ukuze amanani elincane lokhu ipharamitha zenzeka deflation, futhi ezinkulu - accumulative. Cabanga isenzo owokugcina wabo.

Yini eyabangela ukwakhiwa amafomu aeolian ohlobo accumulative wokukhululeka? Zonke efanayo umsebenzi umoya zithutha zesihlabathi. Lapho endleleni mass enjalo ihlangabezana Bush noma yimuphi omunye isithiyo, ke navevaniya indunduma. Yebo, ukuqongelela isihlabathi ihlanganisa ngokuphelele simila.

Kunezibonelo ezihlukahlukene impumuzo ezakhiwe ekuqongeleleni izinqubo. Kodwa zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:
- longitudinal;
- cross.

Ngu amafomu longitudinal zihlanganisa isihlabathi emikhulu, olubizwa nangokuthi kwezihlabathi ridged. kumiswa wabo ngenxa isenzo omoya ohlangothini njalo. Le nqubo kubangela isihlabathi ohlabayo kusukela nisin ekukhishweni kanyekanye kube wakhiwa awalethe noma emikhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona ukunyakaza inhlabathi izinhlayiya bubheke ukunyakaza umoya kanye ugema, kanjalo ayewukela ifomu okuqhubekayo.

Phakathi accumulative zokwakheka transverse eolian kukhona izindunduma, futhi uchungechunge izindunduma barkhan. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

amagquma

Ezingwadule ngokuvamile atholakala amagquma ucwezana ukuma, iziqongo zazo zazibhekisela futhi okuqondile umphumela eyinhloko emoyeni uquqaba. Lona amagquma. Yini eyabangela kumiswa landforms aeolian zalolu hlobo? Zonke ukusebenza efanayo umoya. Dunes babe emithambekeni quin. uhlangothi lwalo flat nobuso ohlangothini windward, futhi emaweni - ukuze Kunama. Dunes - ifomu mobile wokukhululeka anesihlabathi. ukunyakaza wabo kancane, kodwa engaguquki. Kuwo lo nyaka, kuba 50-60 amamitha. Ngo Karakums leli jubane itsatfwa ephakeme. Kuyinto amamitha 12 enyangeni edlule.

Yini eyabangela kumiswa landforms aeolian zalolu hlobo? Yiqiniso, umsebenzi imimoya njalo uqine. Nokho, kukhona ezinye nezinye izinto ngaphansi kwethonya okuyinto zikhona amagquma. Lezi zihlanganisa:
- esincane kwezulu;
- weathering asebenzayo ngokomzimba ezweni emadwaleni;
- inombolo encane noma ukungabi Imininingwane izimila.

akha impumuzo ezifanayo kwanoma iziphi izimo? Ugwadule sezulu, ezishisayo ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele kunikela kakhulu kuze ukuvela amagquma. Ukuphakama zokwakheka isihlabathi, njengoba umthetho, akukho amamitha kweziyisishiyagalombili. Kodwa ezinye yakhula kakhulu ongatholakala nivukele 40 m.

barkhan chain

Lokhu landforms aeolian ukunqoba kobuso bomhlaba ngabanye lamagquma. Zimelela izindunduma eziningana tho. Incazelo impumuzo yalolu hlobo ngokuvamile iqukethe inkomba khona izibonakaliso enyakaza, esemgwaqweni emithambekeni windward. Lezi amancane, parallel iqondiswe isihlabathi ezinamasondo, obude ungaphakathi uhla 2-5 cm. Ukubukeka izimpawu enyakaza kubangelwa vibration uyaca emoyeni.

amagquma

Ezingwadule-non-ezishisayo ngokuvamile kungenzeka bagcine kumiswa amafomu transverse aeolian. It amagquma. Ngaphansi isenzo umoya kungathatha zokwakheka ezifana futhi umbono longitudinal. Ngezinye izikhathi izindunduma zifane ukubukeka izindunduma zalo engqondweni. Nokho, ngokuphambene, i- "Izimpondo" indlela okwakheke ngayo enjalo aqondiswe umoya. Ngo uhlaka wabuka like izindunduma ngokuthi parabolic.

Yini enye landforms aeolian? Lezi zihlanganisa lezo izindunduma ukuthi ukuncika futhi pyramidal. zokwakheka ezifana nayo kunazo zonke kwezingu-aeolian. Bona kungabonakala-Asia Ephakathi futhi eSahara. izindunduma Pyramidal akhiwa lapho imimoya nishaye bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi la mafomu zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-150 metres. Encike izindunduma akhiwa eduze izintaba. Lena umzila sandy esiyingqayizivele, liphefumulelwe emoyeni uquqaba phezu emthambekeni. Encike izindunduma ngokuvamile ube ukuphakama 200 m.

Okunye imfundo aeolian

Ngokuvamile ukuhamba umhlabathi izinhlayiya imikhawulo izimila, esisogwini indawo yokusabalalisa yabo. Ngakho, ngo-khona ezingavamile nezilwane izingqimba akhiwa Sands elinamagquma. Ezigodini anesihlabathi ogwini kukhona Kuchugury. Lokhu okuthiwa Cumulus Sands.

On insimu lamazwe eyomile lingandi kuphela isihlabathi, kodwa futhi izingwadule ezinamatshe nobumba. Lapho ungakwazi ukugcina ukwakheka ezihlukahlukene deflation. Ngakho, projection of amadwala izingwadule ezinamatshe zivame embozwe okuthiwa ehlane ukuvenisha. Kuyinto uqweqwe brilliant kwakhiwa ngenxa capillary umdwebo itshe nosawoti izixazululo. Cishe abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo futhi amagciwane, okwenza hydroxides futhi oxides yensimbi, manganese nezinye izakhi.

Uma uyikha phezulu le of izingwadule ubumba kukhona zohlobo loess. Yingakho impumuzo kule ndawo wenziwe avaliwe ayimigodi engajulile nge phansi flat. Takyrs ucingo kumiswa ezinjalo. ezindaweni zawo embozwe mudcake, okuyinto uhlukanisa inethiwekhi yonke imifantu. Ngo ezingavamile izihlambi takyrs aqoqana amanzi, ungqimba uphawu elingenhla.

Ngicele impumuzo ezindaweni ezomile zinezikhathi amanzi nezitsha. amanzi emvula zanqwabelana kuzo ayinakho indawo ophumayo. izimbotshana afanayo angase enze ukuba wandise amakhulu amakhilomitha, lafinyelela 200 m ukujula. zokwakheka okunjalo kungabonakala ehlane waseLibya. It Qattara Ukucindezeleka, uphawu ngokuphelele okuyinto lokususa 134 amamitha. Ngo ukwakheka amafomu ezinjalo ehilelekile hhayi kuphela umoya. A indima enkulu lapha eyabelwe izimo lithological takhi-umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, ezinjengokucindezeleka wangcwatshwa ngaphansi ungqimba isihlabathi.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, takyrs njalo lujule. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umoya uvunguza futhi lichitha isihlungi ikhekhe phezu. deflation okunjalo izinqubo eziholela kumiswa izindunduma nobumba. Lawa mafomu zingatholakala eMexico.

Ukubukeka kwale izingxenye nakwezifudumele futhi ezishisayo ihlobise izindawo relict noma insular, kanye denudation emathafeni. Lezi Umumo akhiwa ezinye sezulu, kodwa noma kunjalo kukhona ejwayelekile kakhulu ezingwadule.

Esikhathini impumuzo Asia Ephakathi samanje denudation emathafeni wakubo, nzima yokudlela insali amagquma. Lesi siqhingi lamagquma ne eziqongweni flat futhi emithambekeni emaweni kukhona emaweni. amafomu enjalo e Central Asia kukhona igama Turtkul. kumiswa yabo kungenzeka ekuqaleni nomthelela ukuguguleka yamanzi angesiwo agcwele, futhi ngemva indima esemqoka wabelwa izinqubo deflation kubangelwa umsebenzi emoyeni.