Umbhali French Sharl Monteske: Biography emfushane

Sharl Monteske - umbhali isiFulentshi, isazi sefilosofi kanye ummeli, ogama lakhe lusekelwe ngokujulile umlando kumiswa izimfundiso zomphakathi nezomthetho. Yena waziwa ngokuba imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, ukuthi ukhona ukweleta sefilosofi French. Nokho, indaba yokuphila kwakhe kudlulela ngalé lo mqondo olulodwa.

ebuntwaneni

Okuwukuphela eyingoduso endleleni yayo Charles-Lui De Secondat, kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi Sharl Monteske. Umlando wakhe kuqala emkhayeni Labred castle, budebuduze eBordeaux, eningizimu-1689. Uyise Jacques kwaba zazinzima kakhulu, futhi uCharles kancane wakhuliswa izimo wezinzalamizi. Mayelana unina, omncane, eyaziwa ngaphandle yokuthi ilobolo lakhe kuhlanganisiwe eshiwo ngenhla La Brad Castle, futhi yena kwahluka yenkolo eyeqisayo propensity kuya nezimfihlakalo. Washona lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala futhi iminyaka engu-3 kamuva uyise wamyisa ekolishi e-ubugagu based sezindela Zhyuli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwaba isikole zenkolo, wathola imfundo yezwe. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi wafundiswa izincwadi zasendulo futhi waba nesithakazelo nefilosofi, okuyinto ixhunywe konke ukuphila kwakhe phambili.

cwaningo umthetho

Lakho waba nenhlanhla ukuba azalelwe Age of Ukukhanyiselwa, lapho kuyo yonke indawo ukuqinisekisile ukubusa yokucabanga futhi isizathu. Ngo-1705 wabuyela esuka ekolishi aye emzini wakhe, lapho aqala zonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula ukunikeza ukuthuthukiswa wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo. Kwakuthinta ngokudingeka ophoqelelwe kunokuba abanothando kweqiniso, futhi ngakwesokudla sikhathi kubhekwe kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda. Nesidingo sokutadisha umthetho nje isuke ibangelwa iqiniso lokuthi Sharl Monteske esikhathini esizayo Kwakudingeka sizinike okuthunyelwe ePhalamende, okuzokwenza hamba kuye libe yifa lenu. Ngo 1713, kwashona ubaba wakhe Charles, futhi uhlala ukunakekelwa bomfowabo kayise.

Ifa Elashiywa U-Baron de Secondat

Phakathi nokuphila bomfowabo kayise benza imizamo emikhulu ukuze ashade umshana wakhe. ekukhetheni kwaKhe kwaba uMhlonishwa Zhanne Lartig. Lokhu kukhetha yayisekelwe hhayi uthando hhayi yangaphandle idatha amantombazane, kodwa ubukhulu ilobolo lakhe. Umshado wathembisa nobunye ubunzima okwangaleso elihlobene ne nezindaba zenkolo, kodwa wakwazi ukuthola azungeze sibonga imfundo wezomthetho Charles. Ngo 1715 emshadweni. Ngemva konyaka, umalume wafa, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, insizwa ehlala e-ifa uya isihloko baron. Kusukela manje ke - Monteske Sharl Lui De Secondat. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba kokuguqukela kwakhe eshisiwe ezinkulu, noSihlalo okuthunyelwe wePhalamende Bordeaux. Ngokwengxenye enkulu Wakhonza umahluleli, lokho akukholelwayo kakade waba nokuhlangenwe nakho, njengalokho wayeseqalile ngaphambili wamabhuku umeluleki futhi kwaba iphini likamengameli we inkantolo yedolobha.

umsebenzi

Sharl Monteske ayikaze empeleni othanda abantu ilungelo, kodwa eminyakeni eyishumi indlela wemfanelo imisebenzi yawo ePhalamende. Ngo 1726 azithengisayo isikhundla sakhe njengoMbusi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba kabanzi, futhi zayiswa Paris. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo msebenzi ukushaya Lakho hhayi ukuphila BakaJehova, wathola isipiliyoni olubalulekile kuyoba usizo kuye ngokubhala imisebenzi esizayo. Ngakho, ngemva hambisa iqala umsebenzi akhe asebenzayo etemibhalo. Wanyathelisa amaphepha eziningi futhi Tindzaba ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene. Wabuye iba yilungu zezombusazwe club "Mezzanine", okuyinto ngenkuthalo kuxoxwa izindaba zomhlaba, izenzakalo zansuku zonke futhi umsebenzi abahlanganyeli. Ngesikhathi waya French Academy, futhi parallel ukulotshwa baqhubeka.

imisebenzi Okukhulu

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe e Bordeaux lwakhe lwendabuko Sharl Monteske babhala ama-eseyi eziningi futhi imibhalo on ngesayensi yemvelo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ezifana "Ngo izimbangela echo," "Ekuqashweni nezindlala kwezinso", "On the amagagasi." It kwamsiza ubulungu Academy of Bordeaux, lapho afike achitha khona eziningi ucwaningo. Zemvelo - lena enye indawo ukuthi wavusa isithakazelo umbhali, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu namanje ukhathazekile isimo, umthetho kanye nezombusazwe. Ngo 1721, ekukhanyeni ephuma inoveli yakhe ngokuthi "Izincwadi Persian", okuyinto ngokushesha kubangela esinokuduma ingxoxo. Ngeshwa, wawuvinjelwe, kodwa nethonya elizuzisa kuphela impumelelo yayo, ngoba umlobi alethwe kahle izithombe umphakathi ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa imisebenzi ukhiye e lwezincwadi wakhe, okuyinto cishe wonke umuntu oye wezwa kuBaba futhi, kwaba indatshana "UMoya Imithetho". Umsebenzi kuso Kuthethe iminyaka eminingi, ngesikhathi lapho Charles uye wahambela cishe yonke iYurophu, ukutadisha bezimiso zezombangazwe, amasiko, imikhuba kanye ilungelo eJalimane, eNgilandi, Italy kanye Holland. Ezweni ngalinye, wabutha eziningi ulwazi oluwusizo eziyosisiza kuye kubhalwa incwadi eyinhloko ekuphileni. Ngo 1731 luhamba ekupheleni, futhi Lakho waphindela kwelakubo, lapho bonke Eminyakeni eyalandela ayichitha umsebenzi onzima futhi zibona on nemiqulu emibili yethi "UMoya Imithetho", okuyinto yanyatheliswa ngo 1748.

Ifilosofi main imibono

Imibono evezwa incwadi "UMoya Imithetho," ziye zaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimo, France nje kuphela kodwa futhi wonke. Ukhuluma division kwamandla ku amagatsha 3: esiphezulu, yokushaya imithetho kanye zokwahlulela. Wabuye wathi ekubumbaneni kungaholela namthetho, futhi lokhu imodeli kufanele khona kuwo wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki indlela yawo uhulumeni. Igama elithi "inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla" kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala bese zihunyushwa emsebenzini wakhe Sharl Monteske. Sefilosofi sazi Dzhon Lokk nawo uhilelekile kule ukuthuthukiswa amalungiselelo eyinhloko mbono, Nokho elicwengiweyo phelelisa kwaba umlobi French.

Omunye themes ezinkulu emsebenzini wakhe yena zilandise imithetho zokuphila futhi umphakathi ngamunye. Uthi okuningi mayelana nobuhlobo wamasiko, isimilo kanye inkolo nomthetho, okuyinto ejwayelekile izinhlobo ezithile zikahulumeni. Kule ncwadi wakhuluma kwangisiza kakhulu ngokwazi ukuthi usezuze eminyakeni ikhambo. Ngemva kwalokho, abaningi imibono equkethwe emsebenzini "UMoya Imithetho," ziye zaba siyinhloko US soMthethosisekelo kanye neminye izenzo zomthetho ezifanele.

ukuphila Siqu nokufa

Kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo onjani umuntu kwaba Sharl Monteske. Biography emfushane, kunalokho, lembula negalelo layo wonke umlando wokucabanga zezombusazwe kanye zomthetho, kodwa ngezici zobuntu buthule. It is ukuthi wayengeyona indoda ethembekile eyaziwa, kodwa umkakhe lalibonisa inhlonipho. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi ongumama wamantombazane amabili amahle umfana, ubani Charles, ngokuqinisekile, wayemthanda. Cishe zonke izinsuku zokuhamba kwakhe ayesibekela isayensi, ukufunda futhi ngicabanga. Wasebenzela ingxenye kakhulu umtapo azalelwa of imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu.

Kuthiwa wayengumuntu Phendla, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi khulula wachitha wedwa, wavula kuphela nabangane abaseduze. Ekukhanyeni wafika akuvamile, kaningi salon, lapho kwakungekho muntu owakhuluma, kodwa umphakathi nje wabukela babuthene lapho. Ngo 1754, Lakho uhambo eParis ukuze ahlinzeke usizo lwezomthetho kumngane wakhe, uSolwazi La Bommel. Elapho wangenwa isifo sofuba futhi washona ngo-February 10, 1755. Nokho, imisebenzi yakhe, namanje kubhekwa cult futhi babe nokuphila okuphakade.