International amakhadi esikweletu: izinhlobo, ungaluthola kanjani nokusetshenziswa

Namuhla amabhange Russian ukunikela anhlobonhlobo amakhadi epulasitiki. Ezinye zazo ingasetshenziswa kuphela kuleli zwe, kuyilapho abanye - phesheya. International amakhadi esikweletu zamukelwa amasevisi yokukhokha asizwa terminals kanye ATM noma yikuphi emhlabeni.

Umlando omncane

yasebhange Okokuqala analogue ikhadi uvele 1914 e-New York. Khona-ke bakhipha amakhadi amakhadibhodi futhi asetshenziswe ukuqinisekisa solvency yekhasimende. engu-14 kamuva ngenjongo efanayo metal waqala zisetshenziselwe, okuzokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucutshungulwa kolwazi. Eyokuqala mass yokukhokhelana yethulwa ngo-1949 ngaphansi kobuholi Diners Club. Kwakuyisikhathi uhlelo club nge inani elilinganiselwe ababambiqhaza, owayesebenza ngendlela efanayo njengoba yesimanje Visa kanye MasterCard.

Amakhadi waqala ukuba ikhishwe nge-yalolucwaningo 50 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka e-United States njengoba ithuluzi elisha lokwenza cashless izinkokhelo, esikhundleni ephelelwe yisikhathi zamasheke. Owathola ngo-1951 waba yasebhange New York-Long Island Bank. EYurophu, fashion insimbi entsha yokukhokha owethulwa British inkampani Uzitholele Services. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa uvele strip magnetic, futhi eminyakeni engu-90 i-chip 10 Plastics.

glossary

Ngaphambi kokucabangela inqubo ukuthengiselana nge amakhadi asebhange ngamazwe, kudingeka ufunde imigomo eyisisekelo:

• Ukuthola - Ibhange ukukhonza kumephu.
• Umkhiphi - isikhungo credit elikhiphe ke.
• Icubungula isikhungo - njengendawo ehlukaniselwe amabhange ukuthi babambisane phakathi komnikazi abahlanganyeli ngenjongo yokuqoqa nokucutshungulwa ukuthengiselana ikhadi.
• akhawunti imibiko ukuvulwa ibhange e Central Bank.

I-algorithm sibalo

Ukusebenza nge amakhadi asebhange international kungaba kwenziwe ngasiphi esidayisa okudayisa zomhlaba, ukugcina ifakwe. Kodwa kulokhu, inqubo umsebenzi lihlukile ejwayelekile:

• Ngesikhathi esibulalayo lokukhokha eqinisekisa ubuqiniso plastic nokutholakala imali ku-akhawunti.
• Kusho kuthiwa ezidonswe, ikhipha esibulalayo irisidi.
• Ukuhweba iphuzu okuhambisa ibhange layo ekuzuzeni, ekhomba inani akhawunti yenkampani. Wabuye uthumela ulwazi mayelana ukuthengiselana usebenzisa amakhadi angaphandle processing isikhungo.
• Lezi idatha eqoqwe, ihlaziye, bese ulwazi okuholela sidluliselwe wezitifiketi, acquirer futhi izindlela zokukhokhelana.
• Settlement yasebhange uyahoxa lemali edingekayo ekulandiseni umkhiphi kanye acquirer ithwala ke.
• Ibhange elikhiphe ubhala izikweletu nge umnikazi ikhadi nazo zonke izindleko ikhomishini.

izibalo

Naphezu izici of emakethe yasekhaya, ikarati izinkokhelo ukwandisa iminyaka ngeminyaka. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, inani esikhishwe kwaba ezigidini ezingu-230 izingcezu, zazo 30 kuphela kwezigidi ezingu -. With umkhawulo wesikweletu. emakethe Russian nenombolo exchange angaphandle ukuthengiselana kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 6 futhi kuphela zaba izicucu 2,549 bhiliyoni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abaseRussia ayemancane amathuba ukuhoxisa ukheshi kusuka akhawunti (ukuthengiselana kwezigidi ezingu 751 for ingqikithi 5 317 400 000 000 deda.) Nokuningi ukusebenzisa ikhadi ukukhokhela izimpahla (izigidi ezingu-1798 ukuthengiselana esibalelwa ruble 1,714 trillion.). Isizathu ukuthi ukwanda isibalo Izitolo, ifakwe esibulalayo, futhi inani elandayo ATM, izindlela ngokusebenzisa okungase zisuswe (ayizinkulungwane 224. PC.) Futhi ukukhokhela izimpahla (ayizinkulungwane 133. PC.).

izinhlobo zamakhadi

Ezweni kukhona inkokhelo izinhlelo ezimbili zakwamanye amazwe esekelwe amakhadi asebhange: Visa kanye MasterCard. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye emakethe kuthatha Visa International - 57%. Ngezinye MasterCard International ebangela 26% wemakethe. Futhi, kukhona abanye abahlanganyeli: American Express (13%), DinersClub (4%) kanye Jcb - (4%). Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-izinhlelo zokukhokha - ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkokhelo phakathi loMfula wonke amazwe. MasterCard iletha izikhungo ezingaphezu kuka-20 eziyinkulungwane zezimali emazweni 220, Visa -. Izinhlangano ayizinkulungwane 21 .. amakhadi International Visa ngokuyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukwenza izinkokhelo kumadola. MasterCard useyakwazi futhi ku-euro. Nokho, i-isilinganiso ikhasimende Russian umehluko phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili kanti akunjalo.

nezinye izici

amathuluzi Kwemali yokukhokha zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izibalo okungaphansi kwenkululeko akhawunti yekhasimende. Lezi amapulasitiki avame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yezenhlalakahle iholo futhi. Credit card zikuvumela ukukhokhela izimpahla ngezithukuthuku izimali ebhange, bese nibuya esikweletini anqwabelene kanye zenzalo. Lokhu Isitatimende ezikhanyisayo umugqa wesikweletu abantu ngabanye.

Kukhona division zibe amakilasi: kusukela Electron futhi Maestro ukuba "-platinum". Ayanda isigaba, amathuba atholakalayo ukuze umnikazi, esithinta izindleko plastic. International amakhadi esikweletu ayatholakala ezigabeni Classic, Gold, Platinum Black Edition. Nokwanda ekilasini inkonzo ikhula umkhawulo wesikweletu. Ngokwesibonelo, zakudala credit card, "Alfa Bank" ungathola kuze kube ama-ruble ayizigidi 150, futhi-platinum -. Kakade ruble ayizigidi 750 ..

Ukwabela esihlukile amakhadi electronic, okuyinto akudingeki abezindaba ngokomzimba. Ziklanyelwe kuphela ukuthenga izimpahla nge-intanethi.

International amakhadi esikweletu nge umkhawulo wesikweletu ziqondiswa ngokuyinhloko at amakhasimende edamane ukuhamba. Kubo, ithuthukiswe omunye umkhiqizo okhethekile - co-yokubeka uphawu amakhadi izindiza. Ngokusho kwakhe Umnikazi uthola amabhonasi ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi umlingani. Ngokwesibonelo, abanikazi nge Visa "Aeroflot" amakhadi zathathwa "imayela" ukuchitha on ukuthengwa amathikithi yinkampani efanayo. Enye eyengeziwe - Cash Emuva. Ukuze ukuthenga esakhokhwa ikhadi ekupheleni kwenyanga umnikazi wathola kumaphesenti athile nemali oyisebenzisile emuva ku-akhawunti. Ezinye izindaba zika-plastic akazange zehluke amakhadi evamile.

ukubhalisa

Cishe wonke umsebenzi has Russian debit card, lapho iholo ibalwa. Ngokuvamile kuba plastic Electron futhi Maestro, kodwa izinkampani eziqinile abasebenzi babo amakhadi asebhange ngamazwe. Ungakwazi oda khadi, thintana ibhange ngokuzimela.

Indlela yokufaka izicelo ilula. Kumelwe uvule umsebenzi ebhange, ukwethula i-passport, incwadi yesibili eqinisekisa ubunikazi (izincwadi zokushayela, iphasipoti, njll) bese ubhala isitatimende. Amaviki amabili kuzodingeka silinde kuze kube yilapho uyokwenza plastic. ngonyaka yale mali yokusebenzisa isikweleti iyadonswa ngokuqondile akhawunti. Plastic inkokhelo ayesesinike ibhalansi ezimbi.

Ukuze oda ikhadi lesikweletu, udinga ngaphezu kwalokho balungisa isitatimende engenayo bese ulinda impendulo umphathi credit sika. Ukutholakala yephasiphothi ngezimpawu kukusha phesheya noma amadokhumenti ku impahla kwandisa amathuba okuthola i-credit card.

Obani?

Ngisho noma ungenayo ukusebenzisa izindiza, akuvamile ukuhamba ngaphandle kwezwe, babe inqolobane ikhadi zamazwe ngamazwe umkhawulo wesikweletu angizange ngilimale. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kungase kudingeke ukuba enze ukuthengwa kwezimpahla e izimali zakwamanye amazwe ngokusebenzisa Internet noma nje unezinkinga amathuluzi lasebhange yokukhokha.

Namuhla, international amakhadi esikweletu nge umkhawulo wesikweletu - kuyindlela elula yokukhokha ukuthi izokwamukelwa nganoma yisiphi emhlabeni estrus. Uma wayefisa, umuntu angathola ngisho umkhiqizo nge eside isikhathi somusa futhi ngithunywe ubuncane for ukuhoxa ATM.

Ukunikeza Savings Bank

Ngo ibhange elikhulu Russian angakhipha ngamazwe amakhadi Maestro futhi Electron. Benza izinto zibe lula kakhulu ukusebenzisa futhi kuyabiza ukulondoloza. yasebhange International Sberbank ikhadi ivumela umnikazi ukuthola iholo, idiphozi izimali, ukukhokhela izimpahla Izitolo okudayisa eRussia kanye namazwe aphesheya. amakhadi Classic ngaphezu kwalokho athole izaphulelo kuma ukuthenga at umlingani izitolo. yesondlo izindleko imithombo ruble 30 900 (amaRandi, euro) onyakeni wokuqala kanye ruble 600, 20 (amadola, euro) - zonke eminyakeni elandelayo.

okungcono yasebhange ikhadi Igolide ekilasini senzelwe amakhasimende ayethanda. Izindleko yesevisi yayo yonyaka ruble 3000. Ukuze imali iklayenti ithola hhayi kuphela inkokhelo ithuluzi jikelele ukuthi ixhunywe ku-akhawunti in ruble, amadola noma euro, kodwa futhi ithuba lokuba yingxenye ngamasheya ebhange futhi ohlelweni lokukhokha ngokwayo, ukwenza imali ngaphandle ikhadi ibhokisi ehhovisi kwanoma iyiphi ebhange phesheya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Gold Card uqinisekisa isimo esihle sezimali kanye nesimo kwezenhlalo okusezingeni eliphezulu yomnikazi.

Uyaluvumela emakethe yasebhange

Ngokwe-CBR, onyakeni odlule, zokuthenga ngesikweletu wawukhiphe amakhadi kwezigidi ezingu 234, zazo 87% - 13% kanye debit - credit. Ngaphansi umthelela unswinyo ngamazwe inani amabhange wahlanganyela ekuzuzeni, kwehle ngo-7.8% kuya amayunithi 572. Iningi lala makhadi ekhishwe libhekisela izinhlelo nokukhokhwa wendawo. Lokhu kwabonakala ekukhuleni abanikazi isabelo amathuluzi wokukhokha: umhlalaphansi kanye nabantu abasebenza waqala ukukhipha amakhadi ukuphepha komphakathi ukuze uthole izinzuzo.