Adume mlando French Fernand Braudel: Biography, izincwadi ezingcono kakhulu, futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Fernand Braudel - omunye mlando edume kakhulu French. umqondo lakhe acabangele izici yendawo kwezomnotho lapho ecabanga izinqubo zomlando esiye sashintsha isayensi. Iningi Braudel wayenesithakazelo lokuzalwa kohlelo zama-Capitalist. Futhi, usosayensi wangena historiographical "Annales" esikoleni, okwakubekelwa wahlanganyela esifundweni imihlola zomlando kule social sciences.

biography

Wazalelwa Fernand Braudel ngo-1902, ngo-August 24, e Lyumeville, eduze Verdun. Wayeyindodana uthisha dolobhana, abachitha ingxenye yeminyaka esengumntwana epulazini nogogo wakhe. Kodwa ukuzikhathaza kakhulu emvelweni kwaba yinto yesikhashana - ngo-1908, Braudel ukuthuthela Paris.

Ngo-1913, isazi-mlando zesikhathi esizayo ozayo uVoltaire Isikolo samabanga aphezulu, okuyinto iphothulile ngempumelelo ngo-1920 futhi waqhubeka nokufunda kwakhe eSorbonne. Lokhu owaziwa University of Paris insizwa lathweswa iziqu ngo-1923. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi uye wanquma ukuxhumanisa isiphetho sabo imfundiso. Braudel wayefuna ngempela ukuthola indawo esikoleni ephakeme ka Bar-le-Duc, owayeneminyaka eduze nasekhaya lakhe. Nokho, lawo mathemba akuzange kube njalo. Futhi Fernand waya uthisha ngesikhathi eKolishi Algeria. Lesi sikhathi yayikhiqiza kakhulu ngocwaningo lwakhe lwesayensi nephepha yakhe yokuqala yesayensi yanyatheliswa ngo-1928. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlangana no-Paula, nomkakhe esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi-mlando kwakudingeka ezempi ngo eJalimane, iqembu French yabahlaseli, kusukela ngo-1925 kuya ku-1926.

Noma kunjalo, yena uzibophezele umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. Isazi-mlando enquma ukubhala ukubhala umlando Spain, naphezu izincomo Sorbonne osolwazi ukuthatha sihloko ezihlobene eJalimane. Ngo-1927, ehlaziya Braudel iqala. Ubiza izinto zomlando egcinwe yezincwadi Salamanca, ngokuvakashela izindawo edumile iMedithera, ezifana emzini Dubrovnik eYugoslavia, ezashiya eziningi ubufakazi kwekhulu XVI.

Buyela Paris futhi umhlangano kubalulekile

Ngo-1932, Fernand Braudel wabuyela Paris futhi waba umfundisi Lyceum Condorcet, futhi kamuva - Lyceum kukaHenry IV. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala ubungane eziyobenza eside nokubambisana nabanye uprofesa womlando - Lucien Febvre. indima enkulu ukudlala, futhi umagazini wadala zokugcina ngo-1929, "Imilando Yobukhosi Bamuva umlando umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo." Lolu hlobo kwaba hhayi kuphela kwesayensi, kodwa uhlobo wamavukelambuso, izindlela zocwaningo kusukela kan-, izifundo kanye yena umbono komlando njengoba isayensi. Febvre aphakanyisiwe, Ngokufunda umlando, unake hhayi kuphela ngezimpi mithi, kuvela ukuthi sobukhosi, kodwa futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abantu nje abajwayelekile nenkathi yokuthula. Lezi ukubukwa iyathinteka sina Braudel nangezindlela eziningi baba umfutho ngocwaningo lwakhe siqu.

Ngo-1935 Braudel wathola ithuba abe uprofesa wase-University of São Paulo, waya Brazil. Nokho, wahlala khona isikhathi esifushane futhi kakade 1937 wabuyela ekhaya, futhi ngonyaka owalandela iwine isihlalo ku Paris ecole pratique des Hautes études. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-WSF ubungane bakhe Fevrenom, Braudel futhi unquma ukuba babhale incwadi ngaphansi kokuqondisa omunye, anikezelwe enkathini ephakathi iMedithera. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwempi kuvikela lawo izinhlelo.

Ngo-1939 Braudel ungaphakathi ibutho French. Futhi ngonyaka ozayo, isazi-mlando ishuthiwe futhi uchitha neminyaka yempi emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi, kuqala Mainz ke ekamu lokuhlushwa phezu aseBaltic ogwini.

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi

Fernand Braudel, ogama amabhuku namuhla ezidumile, hhayi nje phakathi mlando kodwa futhi phakathi abafundi abavamile, ngadedelwa kuphela ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili futhi ngokushesha waphindela eFrance. Lapha, ekhaya, wamiswa womfundisi eSorbonne. Ngo-1947 Braudel umngane Febvre wasungula kwesigaba sesine ecole pratique des Hautes études, sciences umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Usekelwa isizinda kwesigaba Rockefeller Foundation. Leli phuzu izodlala indima ebalulekile biography of Braudel.

Ngo-1949, isazi-mlando ushiya Sorbonne futhi waba inhloko yalawa umnyango ekolishi de France. Ngesikhathi elapho wayesebenza isikhathi eside.

Ngo-1956 uyafa Lyusen Fevr, futhi Braudel abe ngumengameli based umngane wakhe esigabeni sesine eSikole Olungokoqobo. Lokhu okuthunyelwe mlando izobamba kuze 1973. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Braudel futhi iba Umhleli oyinhloko wephephandaba based Febvre, ngaleso sikhathi lalibizwa ngokuthi "Annals. Umnotho. Inkampani. Impucuko. "

izincwadi Okokuqala futhi ukuthi "Indlu Science"

Ngo-1958 Braudel izdaet sihloko methodological, okuzokwenza kuyisisekelo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Ukushicilelwa ngokuthi "Umlando social science."

Ngo-1959, isazi-mlando ine umqondo ukuvula isikhungo ucwaningo kanye nomtapo. Waze wakhuphukela igama lendawo - ". Indlu sciences yomuntu" Braudel ngokoqobo ikhanyisa umqondo, kodwa ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe kwakudingekile ukuthola isamba esikhulu semali. Waphumelela kuphela 1970 - baba abaxhasi Ford Foundation. Ngemva kuvulwa "House" Braudel baba umlawuli eyinhloko esikhungweni.

It akabashiyi nocwaningo Fernand Braudel. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism - passion wakhe oyinhloko eminyakeni embalwa. Isazi-mlando nesithakazelo sina e izizathu zalesi simo. Futhi eliwusizo kulesi nenhlonipho wukuthi Braudel wabona lesi simanga engela engavamile. Njengenjwayelo, wakhokha omkhulu "eqhubeka" Inani ngemininingwane isayensi yendabuko - izimpilo zabahlali abavamile.

Ngo-1967, kubonakala emashalofini ezitolo ezidayisa ingxenye yokuqala omunye wemisebenzi ezinkulu lezo wabhala Fernand Braudel. "Impucuko Material" kwaba yimpumelelo phakathi mlando kodwa umbhali yena akazange aneliseke ngokuphelele inguqulo eshicilelwe. Ngakho-ke, kuthathwa ukuze kuphelele incwadi. Ukusebenza kanzima iphela ngo-1979 Incwadi ka the version yokugcina lonke emithathu ivolumu imisebenzi.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngo-1970 Braudel lesula "Annals" umhleli oyinhloko ngenxa yokungavumelani ne abasebenzi abasha. He is kuphela ilungu leqembu eliphethe izincwadi. Nokho, ngokushesha uthola ngokwakhe umsebenzi engengaphansi uyakufanelekela Fernand Braudel. Izincwadi, izihloko zesayensi, ukuphathwa "iNdlu Science" - yilokho isazi-mlando ezahlukweni sonke isikhathi sakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqala ukusebenza umsebenzi enomthamo omningi "Ubunikazi France." Nokho, lo msebenzi ukuthi, ngeshwa, akazange ukuphatha ukuqedela.

Isazi-mlando esidumile, iziqu isendleleni eya eningizimu yeFrance, edolobheni elincane elibizwa ngokuthi Cote d'Azuri 28 Novemba 1985.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ngesikhathi ethunjelwe isiJalimane, Fernand Braudel ephethwe ukuqedela mqondo wakhe, wanikezela luya eMedithera phakathi nokubusa uPhilip II. Lo msebenzi wawuvikelwa mlando ngo-1947 futhi kwavula indlela yokuba naye isayensi enkulu. Eminyakeni emihlanu basekuthunjweni, wasebenza ngaphandle imithombo tetemibhalo, ukuthatha amanothi ezilahliwe iphepha.

Braudel kwadingeka isipho lokuthola ososayensi abanekhono. Ngakho, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza, ungasho ukuthi uyozifeza lezi osaziwayo emhlabeni yesayensi, njengoba M. Ferro, G. Duby, F. Fourier J. Rivelya nokunye.

Fernand Braudel: "Kuyini France '

Lo msebenzi umsebenzi yakamuva-mlando esithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayenakekela futhi wazalwa ekuqaleni uchungechunge enkulu izincwadi enikelwe France lwakubo. Le ngxenye umjikelezo siqukethe imiqulu emibili. I wokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi "Isikhala umlando", owesibili - "Abantu Nezinto".

Lokhu Braudel umsebenzi kungenziwa ngokuthi encyclopedia eziyingqayizivele France. Lapha ungathola ulwazi mayelana umlando, amasiko kanye nemvelo yezwe, mayelana uhlamvu kazwelonke kanye nesazisi kwezakhamuzi zawo. Ukufunda le ncwadi, umuntu angabona kuphela zikushiya ukhexile ngokuphelele indlela wafunda Braudel ezweni lenkaba yawo.

"Izinto impucuko, umnotho kanye ne-capitalism"

Lona umsebenzi oyinhloko Braudel, esehlanganise isikhathi kusuka xv ukuba XVIII leminyaka lichaza umlando kwezomnotho wezwe. Kuyinto mlando indzaba odumo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo ubizwa ngokuthi impumelelo ephakeme esikoleni French zomlando "Annals" ngoba ehlanganiswe izimiso eziyisisekelo lesikole - I-ukutadisha umlando kuyadingeka synthesize zonke izici zomphakathi.

Ingxenye yokuqala, "Izinhlaka zokuphila kwansuku zonke"

Yiqiniso, lo msebenzi omkhulu ka ayikwazanga wakhipha incwadi eyodwa, ngakho yaba izicucu ezintathu ezinkulu Fernand Braudel. "Izinhlaka zokuphila kwansuku zonke" - leli gama umqulu wokuqala. Kukhona isifundo eningiliziwe izici kwezomnotho we ukuphila kwesintu ngesikhathi sokudideka ushintsho olukhulu futhi ukuvela capitalism. Incwadi Sizokwenza kuphela impilo impahla. Ngemva kokuyifunda, ungabona kanjani abantu abaphila ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi ukuzalwa Ezikhathini zanamuhla, hhayi kuphela e-Europe kodwa nangale. Mina anakekela izibonelo Fernand Braudel. "Izinhlaka zokuphila kwansuku zonke 'sichichime iziqinisekiso ehlukahlukene izingcaphuno azibhala kwaleso sikhathi, okwenza kube lula ukufunda kwenza le ncwadi ifinyeleleke ezahlukene abafundi.

Ingxenye yesibili "Game ukwabelana"

Le ngxenye iphatha ibhizinisi Ephakathi. Braudel uchaza cishe zonke izici zale nsimu: umsebenzi nabathengisi ukuhweba imininingwane elide, exchange ngamazwe, i-credit cantors. Isazi-mlando sigxila ekuboniseni indlela umsebenzi kulezi zinhlangano nomthelela empilweni nasemphakathini wonkana. Umnotho emakethe - okungukuthi isihloko sale ncwadi.

Ingxenye yesithathu the "Isikhathi Umhlaba"

Lomqulu ingxenye yesithathu trilogy abadumile, eyabhalwa Fernand Braudel. "Isikhathi Sokuthula" - incazelo yomlando ezomnotho aleli zwe. Umbhali asilethé njengomnikelo uchungechunge ezahlukene-ukubusa umnotho, elihlanganiswa yesikhathi esisodwa isigqi. Yena ihlaziya izimbangela nokuwa lezi iminotho, bese kugandelelwe imicabango esemqoka okuphakanyiswe ezingxenyeni ngaphambili.