Polyols: kwebalingisi, ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa

Alcohols zihlobene hydrocarbon molecule lapho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen oseduze elihlale carbon athomu singena esikhundleni neqembu hydroxy - OH. It is Ucwaningo wafakazela ukuthi obungakanani utshwala hydroxyls e-molecule abakwazi idlule-athomu hydrocarbon. Kuye ubunjalo olukhulu, ukuhlukanisa acyclic (aliphatic) kanye alcohols eyindilinga; ngenani amaqembu hydroxyl, - mono-, thini, tri- kanye alcohols polyhydric; ukugcwaliswa - ayegcwele kanye unsaturated; indawo kwasendaweni leqembu hydroxyl e neketanga hydrocarbon - alcohols lokuqala, lesibili futhi ephakeme.

alcohols Polyhydric - amagama ahlobene of alkanes e molecule nge zama-athomu amathathu hydrogen esikhundleni hydroxy - OH. Ukuze alcohols polyhydric njengoba amagama ahlobene of monosaccharides libhekene isomerism futhi optical isomerism isikhundla hydrocarbon uchungechunge OH iqembu. isomerism Optical iphathelene ikhono amaqembu athile izinto zemvelo izixazululo abonise umsebenzi we-optical. umsebenzi Optical izidakamizwa kunqunywa usebenzisa polarimeter.

ukuphendula qualitative ku polyols

I evamile yokusabela kakhulu polyols qualitative basebenzisana zabo zethusi hydroxide. Phakathi uncibilike ukuphendula hydroxide, kanjalo zakha isimiso onsomi chelate eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Polyols: abameleli main

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alcohols (OH) 4 ngokuthi tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (OH) 5 - pentitami, alcohols hexahydric S6N8 (OH) 6 - hexitols. Eqenjini ngalinye ezifana ukuhlukanisa alcohols ngabanye okuyinto zinamagama zomlando: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, njll

Ukulungiselela polyalcohols

Lezi alcohols kuthiwa kuhlelwe umqondo ngu nokwehlisa monosaccharides, le ukufingqa aldehydes ne-formaldehyde e i medium ane-alikhali. Isikhathi esining impela, alcohols polyhydric okulungiselelwe ngezinto zemvelo eluhlaza. Ezinye alcohols ezikhishwe izithelo mountain ash.

alcohols Polyhydric - kwakwakhe optically asebenzayo, encibilikayo kakhulu emanzini. I-IR UV spectra babe ukumuncwa bands ejwayelekile amaqembu OH ka alcohols monohydric. izakhiwo Chemical ka alcohols ngenxa yokuba khona amaqembu OH. Ngo ukusabela lezi zakhi nge ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi alcoholates kwakhiwa - saccharate. Esikhathini namachibi of hydroxyl okuyinto itholakala eduze carbon athomu lokuqala (C1) akhiwa monosaccharides.

Polyols: abameleli main

Erythritol Hoch 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - crystalline izidakamizwa liyancibilika at 121,5 ° C. Utshwala ngenhla eziqukethwe ulele futhi wona. Erythritol ingatholakala ngenxa nokuvulwa 1.3-butadiene futhi erythrose. Wathi utshwala isetshenziswa womshini compounds kuqhume, okusheshayo-omiswe uyinki, emulsifiers.

Xylitol Hoch 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - zinhlayiya amnandi, kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, kwancibilika ezingeni lokushisa 61,5 degrees. Utshwala ngenhla kungenziwa kuhlelwe umqondo ngu nokwehlisa xylose. Xylitol obusetshenziswa embonini ukudla womshini ukudla abanesifo sikashukela, kanye womshini inhlaka alkyd, amafutha iphele, futhi surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - okuqinile kahle oncibilikayo emanzini. Etholwe ukusabela formaldehyde nge acetaldehyde ebukhoneni Ca (OH) 2. It is lisetshenziswe womshini polyesters, alkyd inhlaka, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers ngoba polyvinyl chloride, zokwenziwa amafutha. Ibonisa izakhiwo kwezidakamizwa.

Mannitol Hoch 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - amnandi ukunambitheka izidakamizwa liyancibilika at 165 degrees. Kuqukethwe wona, isikhunta, ulwelwe, izitshalo ephakeme. Zifakwe njengoba isisu kanye njengenhlangano isithako imikhiqizo yezimonyo (yokugcoba).

D-Sorbitol Hoch 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - liyancibilika at degrees 96. Utshwala izithelo ecebile mountain ash. Sorbitol etholwe wokwehla glucose. Wathi utshwala kuyinto umkhiqizo Lesisemkhatsini synthesis Vitamin C, libonisa isisu isenzo, asetshenziswa esikhundleni abanesifo sikashukela sucrose.