Electron - Iyini? I izakhiwo kanye umlando kokutholakala electron

Sizungezwe emhlabeni yakhiwa encane, imperceptible ukuba iso izinhlayiya. Electron - lena omunye wabo. ukutholakala kwawo livelile esanda kutholakala. Futhi kwavula ukuqonda entsha isakhiwo ye-athomu, ukudluliswa ugesi izindlela kanye nesakhiwo jikelele iyonke.

Indlela ukwehlukana indivisible

Eqondayo yesimanje yama-electron - lokhu izinhlayiya aphansi. Ziyakwazi okungaguquki musa ahlukaniselwe izakhiwo ezincane. Kodwa lowo mbono uye ngaso sonke isikhathi wake waba khona. Kuze 1897 mayelana electron nakancane.

ongqondongqondo Okuningi eGrisi lasendulo ukuyichaza ukuthi into ngayinye ku ukukhanya, isakhiwo siqukethe sebuningini "izitini" encanyana. Iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke ndaba bese kubhekwa-athomu, futhi le nkolelo waphikelela eminyaka.

Ukumelwa kuyi-athomu ye ishintshile kuphela ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Ngemva nophenyo J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz P. Zeeman izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo indivisible nuclei atomic electron ziye ayibonwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwatholakala proton, neutrons, ngisho kamuva - the neutrino, kaons, pions, njll ...

Manje isayense uyazi lenqwaba izinhlayiya aphansi, kule ndawo njalo matasa futhi ama-electron.

Ukutholakala nezinhlayiya entsha

Ngesikhathi lapho sebeseduze electron wathola nakuyi-athomu, ososayensi baye okwase kuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi ukhona ugesi kanye uzibuthe. Kodwa uyini ngempela kanye izakhiwo egcwele kulezi zinkanyezi namanje imfihlakalo, bangazihluphi izingqondo zesayensi eziningi.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kwakwaziwa ukuthi amabhungane ama-esiphelweni emisebeni kagesi, ijubane lokukhanya. Nokho, eyiNgisi Dzhozef Tomson, ucwaningo nge cathode imisebe, baphetha ngokuthi aqukethe okusanhlamvu amaningi amancane kabani mass lingaphansi kuka zenuzi.

Ngo-April 1897 Thomson wenza inkulumo lapho afike akhokha khona wezesayensi ekuzalweni nezinhlayiya entsha lichaza ekwakheni ama-athomu, anibizela corpuscle. Kamuva, u-Ernest 'uRutherford usebenzisa ucwecwe ucwaningo waqinisekisa iziphetho komfundisi wakhe, kanye corpuscles wanikezwa elinye igama - ". Electron"

Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso utshelwa ukuthuthukiswa Science kodwa futhi amakhemikhali hhayi kuphela. Kungenzeka ukwenza inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ekutadisheni ugesi kanye uzibuthe, izakhiwo ndaba, futhi emenza wesayensi yenuzi.

Kuyini electron?

Electron - iyona izinhlayiya akhanya nge kagesi. Ulwazi lwethu kubo namanje ayikaphendulwa ziyaphikisana futhi akuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, e imibono yesimanje bona baphila phakade, ngoba zabuphula, ngokungafani neutron nama-proton (nciphisa ezincwadini engu zokugcina idlula ngobudala bendawo yonke).

Electron izinze futhi ube njalo negative icala e = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 Cl. Bangabakhe ozala fermions futhi leptons iqembu. I izinhlayiya ebandakanyeke nokuxhumana ababuthakathaka kagesi kanye adonsela phansi. Basuke zenziwe ngama-athomu. Izinhlayiyana okuye badukelana athomu - electron khulula.

Sisindvo electron kuyinto 9.1 x 10 ^-31 kg futhi lingaphansi izikhathi 1836 ngaphandle nesisindo se-proton. Sinenkosi isigamu-ebalulekile futhi spin futhi isikhashana kazibuthe. Electron okhonjiswe incwadi "e ^-". Kungokufanayo, kodwa uphawu lisho omelene yayo - positron antiparticle.

Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Sezwe electron-athomu

Lapho kuba sobala ukuthi i-athomu yakhiwa izakhiwo ezincane, kwakudingekile ukuba baqonde kahle indlela ahlelwe ngayo. Ngakho ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX uvele imodeli lokuqala le-athomu. Ngokusho imodeli kwamaplanethi, proton (omuhle icala) kanye neutrons (hlangothi) ngokomthetho-nucleus. A-electron ehambahamba omise okweqanda.

Lezi Imibono ziyashintsha nge obhekwe quantum physics ngasekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Lui De Broglie ukubeka phambili umbono wokuthi i-electron liziphatha hhayi kuphela nezinhlayiya, kodwa futhi njengomnikelo wokuzuliswa. Erwin Schrödinger kudala imodeli wave ye-athomu, lapho ama-electron amelwa ngefu ezithile icala kwabantu.

Ukuze ukukhomba indawo kanye trajectory electron ezungeza i-nucleus kuyinto cishe ayinakwenzeka. Kule ndaba, wasungula eside ekhethekile "esemkhathini" noma "electron ifu", okuyinto isikhala izindawo kungenzeka kakhulu izinhlayiya wathi.

amazinga energy

Ifu-electron ezungeza i-athomu okuningi njengoba nje nama-proton e-nucleus yayo. Bonke bangabangasokile at amabanga ehlukene. Abaseduze umnyombo ahlelwe electron kanye lemali kunabo amandla. I amandla ungaphakathi izinhlayiya, kulapho bangasoleki.

Kodwa abayi ahlelwe nomaphi, futhi uthathe emazingeni athile, lapho angazamukela kuphela inombolo ethile izinhlayiya. Izinga ngalinye linama lemali yayo amandla futhi ihlukaniswe yaba ye-amazinga, nalabo yena, phezu orbitals.

Ukuchaza izici nendawo electron emazingeni amandla, ezine izinombolo quantum :

• n - integer main ecacisa electron amandla reserve (sifana Inani lenkathi chemical elementi);
• l - inombolo esemkhathini, echaza umumo fu electron (ama - eyindilinga, p - ifomu eziyisishiyagalombili, d - ukuma clover noma eights double, f - umumo eziyinkimbinkimbi Jomethri);
• m - nenani kazibuthe ngokuchaza ifu kwesibuko kazibuthe;
• ms - inombolo spin, okuyinto ephawula electron emzileni sizungeze axis awo.

isiphetho

Ngakho, ama-electron - esitebeleni, izinhlayiya omubi icala. Ziyakwazi eziyisisekelo futhi awukwazi ubole kwezinye izakhi. Yiwo okuthiwa izinhlayiya njengoba ayisisekelo, okungukuthi, labo ayingxenye isakhiwo ndaba.

Amaelectrons ukuhamba nuclei futhi yakha ama-electron igobolondo yabo. Ingathinta zamakhemikhali, optical, izakhiwo mechanical kazibuthe izinto ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlayiya zinengxenye nokuxhumana kagesi kanye adonsela phansi. ukunyakaza yabo ohlangothini kudala ensimini kagesi wamanje kanye uzibuthe.