Amayunithi ngemisebe. ifinyelela inhliziyo emisebeni nesilinganiso iyunithi

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, isayensi ifikile igama elisha - ngemisebe. ukutholakala kwawo esiye sashintsha izingqondo zesayensi emhlabeni wonke futhi bavunyelwe ukuba ulahle eminye imibono abanye Newton futhi wenze ezizathwini ngokugqamile mayelana nokwakheka kwendawo yonke, indalo yayo futhi indawo yethu kuwo. Kodwa konke lokhu - for ochwepheshe. I townsfolk futhi kuphela ababubula zama bakhipha ndawonye ezifana ulwazi disparate ngale ndaba. Okwenza lo nqubo yokuthi iyunithi emisebeni kukhona impela eningi futhi konke unelungelo.

amagama

Igama elithi lokuqala, okumele ukuhlangabezana - eqinisweni, emisebeni. Ngakho ngokuthi inqubo ekushayweni iyiphi into izinhlayiya ngomzuzu, ezifana electron, ama-proton, neutrons, ama-athomu-helium, kanye nabanye. Kuye uhlobo kuyizinhlayiyana izakhiwo emisebeni ihluke nomunye. Emission kwaphawuleka noma ukubola ku izinto lula, noma zamagama abo.

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo nesilinganiso iyunithi - a lwemibono ezivamile ezibonisa izinhlayiya eziningi kanjani aphansi ukhululeka impahla. Okwamanje, i-physics usebenza nge amayunithi eziyisikhombisa ezehlukene, futhi inhlanganisela yawo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuchaza izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka nalolu daba.

kwamazinyo Radioactive - ushintsho ngokungadingekile isakhiwo nuclei engazinzile zama-athomu usebenzisa ukukhululwa microparticles.

njalo Kwamazinyo - kuba umqondo kwezibalo, babikezele ematfuba ukwehluleka kuyi-athomu ye isikhathi esithile.

Ingxenye-ukuphila - isikhathi sokuphumula futhi phakathi naleso ubola kwesigamu yokuthi liphansi. Amanye amaphuzu ancikene lwabalwa ngamaminithi, kuyilapho abanye - iminyaka ngisho namashumi eminyaka.

Kuyini emisebeni kulinganiswa

Amayunithi yokukala emisebeni - Akuwona kuphela ezisetshenziswa ukuhlola izindawo materials enemisebe. Futhi esetshenzisiwe amagugu ezifana:
- Umthombo Umsebenzi ngemisebe;
- ecucuza kwabantu (inombolo izinhlayiya ionizing per unit endaweni).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umehluko encazelweni ngemiphumela yokukhishwa kwemisebe ephila futhi okungezona eziphilayo izinto. Ngakho, uma imfuyo ezingaphili, ukuthi ziyasebenza ke umqondo:

- umthamo ugxile;
- ukuchayeka umthamo.

Uma umphumela emisebeni ku izicubu ephilayo, imigomo elandelayo asetshenziswa:

- umthamo okulingana;
- okulingana ngempumelelo umthamo;
- umthamo izinga.

amayunithi emisebeni kukhona, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, amagugu ezivamile ezinombolo ezithathwe ososayensi ukuba lula izibalo nemibono ngokwakha nemibono. Mhlawumbe yilesi sizathu esenza akukho iyunithi olulodwa angakahleleki.

Curie

Omunye amayunithi emisebeni kuyinto Curie. It akusebenzi uhlelo lwakho (ingeyona uhlelo SI). ERussia, isetshenziswa wesayensi yenuzi nemithi. izidakamizwa Active ngeke zilingane eyodwa Curie ngomzuzwana uma Kwakuthi 3.7 milliardov onakala enemisebe. Okungukuthi ukuthi omunye Curie ilingana becquerels bhiliyoni izigidi ezintathu namakhulu ayisikhombisa.

Le nombolo kwakubangelwa yokuthi uMariya Kyuri (ngubani busuka isayensi ethemini) olwenziwa ucwaningo zabo ku Radium wathatha njengesisekelo rate yayo zokuwohloka. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi zesayensi ziye zanquma ukuthi value kwamanani yalolu phiko kungcono ukuba banamathele nezinye - becquerel. Kungenzeka ukugwema ezinye amaphutha izibalo ezithile.

Ngaphezu Ci, ungakwazi ngokuvamile ukuthola zesi noma submultiples, njenge:
- megacuries (elilingana 3.7 I-10 kuya ku-16 degree becquerels);
- kilocurie (ayizinkulungwane 3.7 bhiliyoni becquerels);
- mc (izigidi ezingu-37 becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Nge lolu phiko ungaboniswa ivolumu, ebusweni, noma umsebenzi othize we ketshezi.

Becquerel

Unit esenikwe Becquerel emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni eluhlelweni kanye likhona International Units (SI) uhlelo. It silula, ngoba umsebenzi emisebeni elilodwa becquerel kusho ukuthi ngoqobo kunendlela eyodwa kuphela ukuwohloka enemisebe ngomzuzwana.

It lethiwa behlonipha Antuana Anri Becquerel, physics French. Igama sivunyiwe ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule futhi zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Njengoba lena iyunithi sasivumela encane, isetshenziswa ukuze ubheke umsebenzi ticalo idesimali: ikhilo, milli, micro, nabanye.

Muva nje, kanye Becquerel yasetshenziswa Units Common ezifana Ci futhi rd. URutherford kulingana esigidini becquerels. Ngo incazelo yenqwaba noma ngaphezulu umsebenzi zingatholakala abizwa Becquerel ngayinye amakhilogramu Becquerel imitha (isikwele noma cubic) nemikhiqizo ahlukahlukene yawo ngayinye.

-X-ray

Unit ngesilinganiso-X-ray emisebeni ye, futhi, akuyona uhlelo, nakuba kabanzi ubheke umthamo ukuchayeka gamma emisebeni wathola. Omunye-X ray kuyinto umthamo ngemisebe lapho omunye isentimitha intilibathwa emoyeni ngomfutho ejwayelekile emkhathini futhi zero lokushisa uzalela ophethe 3,3 * (10 * -10). Lokhu kulingana ngazimbili kwezigidi ezimbili ion.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokomthetho isiRashiya, iningi non-SI amayunithi kungavunyelwe ukusebenzisa X-ray elisetshenziswa nekukumakwa dosimeters. Kodwa ngokushesha ziyokhawuka okumele asetshenziswe ekubhaleni, njengoba kwaba ukuhlakanipha ukuba irekhodi futhi abale zonke e grey futhi sievert.

thokozani

rad Unit emisebeni ingaphandle uhlelo SI futhi lilingana nenombolo emisebeni enjalo, lapho omunye igremu efana idluliselwa esigidini Joules zamandla. Leyo ngenye uyajabula - kuba 0.01 joule kilogram of ndaba ngayinye.

A impahla olubamba amandla kungaba izicubu ephilayo, nezinye izinto eziningi eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili, nempahla: inhlabathi, amanzi, umoya. Njengoba ezimele iyunithi rad yethulwa ngo-1953 futhi Russia unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ingasetshenziswa i-physics kanye imithi.

Mpunga

Lena enye yokukala izinga radiation, owaziwa International System of Units. Iveza umthamo ugxile yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Kukholakala ukuthi imfuyo lithole umthamo owodwa grey, uma amandla ezidluliselwa emisebeni, ilingana komunye joule kilogram per.

Le yunithi uye wathola igama layo yokudumisa usosayensi oyiNgisi Lewis Gray wase ebekwa wethulwa isayensi ngo-1975. Ngokusho imithetho, igama eligcwele iyunithi kubhalwe ngohlamvu ezincane, kodwa isifinyezo yayo - yisinqumo esikhulu. Omunye grey ilingana eziyikhulu uRadama. Ngaphandle amayunithi elula, Isayensi zisebenzisa ngisho zesi and sub-zesi anomqondo ofanayo zabo ezifana kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, nezinye microg.

Sievert

Unit sievert emisebeni lisetshenziselwa ukubonisa amazinga okukhishwa okulingana emhloleni ngemisebe futhi libuye kufakwe SI njengoba grey futhi BQ. Kwakuvamise kwezesayensi kusukela ngo-1978. Omunye Sv ilingana namandla unezinkolelo amakhilogramu izicubu ukufudumala ngemva kokuzibeka elangeni ye-gamma rays. Igama iyunithi yakhe yethiwa uRolf Sievert, usosayensi evela eSweden.

Ngokusho incazelo, Sievert futhi Grays kukhona, ukuthi okulingana futhi umthamo Ugxile usayizi ofanayo. Kodwa umehluko phakathi kwabo sisekhona. Ekunqumeni umthamo okulingana kudingekile ungacabangi nje kuphela ngokuthi ubuningi kodwa futhi ezinye izindawo emisebeni, ezifana nombono, ukuphakama kwawo namandla awo, futhi lapho izinhlayiyana amelela khona. Ngakho-ke, inani kwamanani umthamo ugxile emisebeni iyanda yi isici izinga.

Ngokwesibonelo, zonke ezinye izimo ukuba alingane, umphumela ukumuncwa kwe-alpha izinhlayiya kuyoba izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili angaphezu kuka umthamo ofanayo gamma emisebeni ye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izicubu isici okumelwe icatshangelwe, elibonisa ukuthi imizimba aphendule ngemisebe. Ngakho-ke, umthamo okulingana isetshenziswa Radiobiology futhi ngempumelelo - Health Occupational (kulesetayelekile le njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye).

njalo-solar

Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila kule planethi yethu sekuboniwe njengoba emisebeni yelanga. Amayunithi yokukala emisebeni kusukela Star - kilojoule futhi Watts RMS per unit isikhathi. Ngakho kwanqunywa, ngoba ubukhulu bale imisebe eyingozi evela elangeni kunqunywa inani ukushisa okuyinto kuveza izinto, futhi umfutho esikhuluma ngazo kulo. Kuziwa Umhlaba nje kwesigamu sesigidi of isamba amandla sasikhipha.

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kusukela inkanyezi kwasakazwa isikhala ngejubane ukukhanya emkhathini wethu uthola ngesimo imisebe. Nomkhakha we lokhu emisebeni libanzi impela - kusuka "umsindo elimhlophe", okusho amaza omsakazo ku-X-ray. Izinhlayiyana okuyinto bawe ndawonye imisebe - kukhona proton, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi electron kungaba (uma ukukhululwa kwe amandla kwaba ngaphezulu).

Emisebeni etholakele ilanga, ungamandla ukushayela zonke izinqubo ophilayo emhlabeni. Inani amandla sithola incike isikhathi sonyaka, izinhlinzeko zoMthetho zezulu kanye obala umkhathi.

emisebeni umthelela eziphilayo

Uma ezifanayo izici zabo abahlala izicubu zishiswe nezinhlobo ezahlukene ngemisebe (ku umthamo ofanayo futhi ufake umfutho owengeziwe), khona-ke imiphumela zizohluka. Ngakho-ke, ukuze anqume imithelela kuphela kancane matasa noma umthamo ukuchayeka, kokubili endabeni nezinto ezingaphili. Ukuvela enkundleni iyunithi ionizing emisebeni, ezifana Grays futhi Sieverts rems, okuyilapho i umthamo okulingana yokukhishwa kwemisebe.

Ngokuthi umthamo okulingana amuncwa ophilayo izicubu, futhi siphindwe okunemibandela (tabular) isilinganiso okuyinto ucabangela indlela eziyingozi uhlobo oluthile ngemisebe. Ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ukukala ke le sievert. Omunye sievert ilingana eziyikhulu beram. I emikhulu isilinganiso, ngokulandelana, emisebeni eyingozi. Ngakho-ke, eziningi zokukhanya kuyinto - iyunithi, futhi neutron nama-alpha izinhlayiya - amabili.

Njengoba yingozi yaseChernobyl eRussia nakwamanye amazwe CIS kufanele unake okukhethekile ezingeni njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye kumuntu. umthamo Ilingana ezivela emithonjeni yemvelo emisebeni kumele singeqi millisievert ezinhlanu ngonyaka.

Isenzo of radionuclides ku-non abaphilayo

izinhlayiya Radioactive baphathe ophethe amandla ukuthi kudlulisa ketshezi, lapho sibhekene nakho. Futhi uma kuthintwa kuyizinhlayiyana endleleni yabo ethile efana, kulapho-ke uzothola amandla. Inani layo uhlolwa ngemithamo.

1. umthamo ugxile - inani imisebe yatholwa ungubani izidakamizwa. Ayephila e Grays. Lokhu value akusho akhawunti yokuthi umthelela izinhlobo ezahlukene emisebeni ngodaba lihlukile.
2. Exposure umthamo - iyona umthamo amuncwa umzimba, kodwa nge degree of ionization izinto ezahlukene nokusondelana izinhlayiya enemisebe. Ayephila e coulombs kilogram per, noma ama-X ray.