Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu American Samuweli Huntington: Biography, imisebenzi emikhulu. Ukungqubuzana IMIPHAKATHI

Sociology and Political Science ngokucacile ingeyona esigabeni wesayensi ngqo. Ziyakwazi nzima ukuthola izikhundla ukuthi babe isimo amaqiniso obungenakuphikwa. I-agumenti ososayensi abahlonishwayo nge lunye kubonakale longeke watibona netintfo ohlukanise ukuphila kwangempela, "umuntu omncane." Kodwa kukhona umbono, kwakhiwa okuyinto ngesisekelo izinqubomgomo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo lamazwe ngamanye kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe emhlabeni wonke. Yingakho ezifanelekile. USamuweli Huntington - umlobi nesazi-American, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu futhi usosayensi wezombangazwe - nombhali eziningi mbono. Izincwadi zakhe ngokuvamile equkethwe imicabango ezazibonakala olukhulu kakhulu ekuqaleni, bese inikeza ehlaziya umgomo okwenzekayo.

Esakhula

Wazalwa ngo-New York entwasahlobo ka-1927, ezihlobene umndeni-imisebenzi yobuciko. Uyise - Richard Thomas Huntington - kwaba intatheli, umama - UDorothy Sanborn Phillips - umlobi, noyisemkhulu komama - Dzhon Fillips - umshicileli ezaziwayo. Ukukhetha umsebenzi ephathelene nomsebenzi bokusungula kubonakala yemvelo ngakho. Semyuel Fillips Huntington kwaba owalandela njengabawufanelekele isiko lomkhaya ngokubhala izincwadi 17 futhi izihloko zesayensi ezingaphezu kuka-90 voluminous.

Standard imindeni ukuthi ezingeni nezindawo Ubonakala ekhethelwe imfundo Sam. Ekuqaleni lokhu College "I Nzalo" (Stuyvesant High School) e New York, lapho ke Yiqiniso impohlo degree baseYale (i-Yale University) e New Haven - ngo-1946, khona-ke imantshi e wezifundo zezombusazwe e-University of Chicago (1948), futhi ekugcineni, i-Harvard, lapho uSamuweli Huntington ngo-1951 wathola degree of udokotela wefilosofi Political Science.

Yini eyayingavamile kwaba kuphela ke ukuthi ngempumelelo uye wawazi kahle lo kukharikhulamu amanyuvesi esikhathini sifushane kunokujwayelekile. Njengoba ukubhalisa Yale eseneminyaka engu-16, wathola iziqu hhayi iminyaka emine, futhi 2.5. A ikhefu ezifundweni zakhe kwakuyinkonzo eya esifushane US Army ngo-1946, ngaphambi kokuba bangene ekhaya magistracy.

UProfesa kanye Consultant

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu, waya ngisebenze njengevolontiya elifundisa e alma yakhe Mater - Harvard. Ngesikhathi elapho wayesebenza ngezikhathi ngoba cishe isigamu sekhulu leminyaka - kuze 2007. Kuphela kusukela ngo-1959 kuya ku-1962, wachitha Iphini Lomqondisi we-Institute for neMpi Nokuthula Ukubika kwenye inyuvesi waseMelika odumile - Columbia.

NgangikuMoya sokuphila kwakhe lapho yena sisondelene wamanje ephezulu ezingeni nabezombusazwe. Ngo-1968, eneminyaka engu-consultant ngenqubomgomo angaphandle esobumengameli Hubert Humphrey, futhi kusukela ngo-1977 1978, uSamuweli Huntington ngakhonza ekuphathweni uMongameli States, uJimmy Carter sika njengoba ogxilise uhlela ngaleso National Security Council. Wayesho ukuthini u ngokucophelela walalela omongameli abaningi nonobhala zombuso, futhi Genri Kissindzher futhi Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington kubhekwe umngane siqu.

umbhali ezinkulu

Zonke isikhathi khulula ekufundiseni nemisebenzi yomphakathi, ayesibekela ngokubhala izincwadi. Bagcwala ekuhlaziyweni inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle zamanje lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni futhi umhlahlo ukuthuthukiswa kokubili izinqubo eemfundeni kanye nephasi loke. Okwakhe yokucabanga, erudition ezinkulu nobuntu okusezingeni eliphezulu wathola udumo nenhlonipho salezo zikhulu. Efakazela lokhu kwaba iqiniso lokuthi ehola ososayensi zezombusazwe nezokuhlalisana kwabantu US akhethwe ukuba likaMengameli we-American Association of Political Science.

Ngo-1979, wasungula magazini "Foreign Policy» (Foreign Policy), elaba enye yezincwadi abahlonishwa kakhulu emkhakheni kwamaZwe. Uhlala ngakho namuhla, kusale bimonthly, ukushicilela kuhlanganise yonyaka "Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke Inkomba" futhi "Isilinganiselwa losers ohulumeni."

Incwadi, yenza igama

Incwadi yokuqala, okwadala idumela Huntington njengenhlangano sazi yasekuqaleni futhi isazi Cabangisisa, phathelana eshicilelwe ngo-1957 umsebenzi "Isosha noMbuso. Ulwazi Ngokusetshenziswa Ezombusazwe of Civil-Military Relations. " Kuyo, wahlola inkinga ka umphakathi ngempumelelo, ukulawula sokuya empini phezu amabutho ahlomile.

Huntington ihlaziya isimo zokuziphatha nezenhlalo ezigungu isikhulu, wafundiswa lempi umlando nakho kwesikhathi esidlulileko - yezwe yokuqala - kusukela ngekhulu XVII, bese lowo lutholwa ngokuhamba ezimpini ensimini ka-United States nakwamanye amazwe, lapho ukuthumela American Expeditionary Force. Incwadi kuyabonakala isimo ke zezombusazwe ekuqaleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Isiphetho usosayensi: ukulawula zempi umphakathi kufanele esekelwe professionalization yayo, nakho kuyadlondlobala egcwele isimo abantu abaye bazinikela ukuba ebuthweni lezempi.

Njengezinye izincwadi eziningi, le ncwadi okubangelwa impikiswano enkulu, kodwa ngokushesha abaningi imibono zawo zazilotshiwe ngesisekelo kabusha izwe 'oqhubekayo lempi.

"Order Yezombangazwe Ukushintsha Societies" (1968)

Kulesi sifundo, usosayensi wakhe American zezombusazwe uqhuba analysis eningiliziwe isimo setepolitiki owandile ezweni ngo ekupheleni-yalolucwaningo 60 XX leminyaka. Kwakuthinta libhekene, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvela umphakathi amazwe, ikakhulukazi kusukela zamazwe ayengaphansi, ngaphandle kokulawula amadolobha amakhulu futhi ekhetha indlela yentuthuko ngaphansi kwesimo ngxabano global ngemibono amasistimu, ogama umholi eSoviet Union ne-United States. Lesi simo kuye kwaholela ukuvela kwezindaba inkulumo ethi "amaZwe".

Le ncwadi manje kubhekwe yakudala kwezombangazwe yokuqhathanisa. Futhi ngemva kokuba yabekwa ukugxekwa kabuhlungu Ingabe Abalweli Bokholo we ke ethandwa phakathi Western ososayensi zezombusazwe sesimanje theory. Huntington encwadini yakhe ukugqiba mbono, ekuboniseni kwakhe njengoba umzamo obonisa ukungabi nalwazi ukusakaza emazweni asathuthuka ekuthuthukisweni yeningi ngokusebenzisa ukukhuthazwa ukubukwa ezithuthukayo.

"The Third Wave: yeningi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XX" (1991)

Iningi incwadi kuthatha ekutadisheni imvelo global ezinyakazayo sinusoidal inqubo amazwe kumafomu sikahulumeni wentando yeningi. Ngemva bephakamisa ukunyakaza okunjalo (Huntington abalwa amagagasi ezintathu: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) kufanele wenqabe (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

Usosayensi umqondo American isekelwe ezizathwini ezilandelayo:

• Yeningi - kuyinqubo yomhlaba mikhuba emisha kanye ezithile.
• Democracy has uhlamvu nokuzinyeza ukuthi akanayo inhloso kokwenzekayo.
• Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izinhlobo yentsandvo yelinyenti.
• Yeningi akugcini ekupheleni XX kwekhulu, buyisela emuva okungenzeka amanye amazwe kanye nokuqala eyikhulu eyalandela, lesi wave 4th.

ithiyori impucuko

Incwadi ethi "Clash of Civilizations" (1993) wenza igama Huntington odumile emhlabeni wonke, imemeza impikiswano ikakhulukazi abanolaka, uyeza kuze kube semngceleni US. Ngokusho ososayensi, ekufikeni xxi leminyaka sokunquma oda wezwe oyobe nokuxhumana namasiko ehlukene nempucuko ezakhiwe ulimi olufanayo futhi zokuphila.

Ngaphezu impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, Huntington has zokwakheka eziyisishiyagalombili ezifana: the Slavic-Orthodox, eliholwa Russian, isi-Japanese, Buddhist, wamaHindu, eLatin America, Afrika, Sinskaya (Chinese) nempucuko Islam. Imingcele lezi zokwakheka usosayensi wabelwa indima imigca ingxabano esikhathini esizayo.

Le nhlekelele njengephuzu lokuphikisa kule mpikiswano

Njengoba ezikhishwe ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ethi "Clash of Civilizations kanye kabusha oda emhlabeni", umlobi ephakanyiswe ngisho ephakeme ukushuba mpikiswano mayelana theory yayo. Izigigaba ngo-September 11, 2001 abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi baseMelika, ziye isiqinisekiso ezengeziwe ngokunemba edumile zezombusazwe umhlaziyi izibikezelo, owumthombo waqala ngxabano impucuko ezahlukene.

Nakuba ososayensi abaningi bezombangazwe wazise mayelana sengqondo esingaqondile kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Huntington iU.S. imibuthano zezemfundo, kunenkolelo yokuthi ngemva kokuhlasela, ephelezelwa iziqubulo Islamic elahlasela kulo lonke izwe, "inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela impucuko" kuthathwe ngokuphelele iU.S. imibuthano yokubusa.

indoda enomkhaya Happy

Indoda okukhulunywa ngaso Amakhasi yezincwadi zakhe, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu kakhulu futhi wayekwazi uphindelela washaya phansi ngonyawo ukuvikela umbono wabo mpikiswano zomphakathi, uSamuweli Huntington ekuphileni kwansuku zonke Wayenesizotha kakhulu futhi kunokulinganisela yini. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, ne nomkakhe uNancy, wakhulisa amadodana amabili nabazukulu ezine.

I last umsebenzi enkulu usosayensi wabona ukukhanya ngo-2004. Encwadini "Obani Thina? Izinselele National Identity Melika", yena ihlaziya imisuka kanye nezici lo mqondo futhi uzama ukubikezela ukuthi izinselele alindele kutati baseMelika esikhathini esizayo.

Ngo-2007, Huntington waphoqeleka ukuba uqede professorship yakhe eHarvard e Ukuwohloka impilo ngenxa yezinkinga ngifundise ngesifo sikashukela. Wayesebenza etafuleni lakhe kwaze kwaba usuku lokugcina, kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-December 2008, kwathi lapho umuntu edlula edolobheni Isivini lukaMarta Massachusetts.

Ngo kokuphila kwakhe kwasemhlabeni iphuzu imisiwe, kodwa mpikiswano eyenziwe izincwadi zakhe emhlabeni wonke, hhayi bayobuna isikhathi eside kakhulu.