I metal ezimatasa - yilokhu?

Lapho abantu bezwa igama elithi "isizinda", bese-ke kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa abandayo futhi okuqinile, kagesi conductive. Nokho, insimbi kanye Alloys zabo zingase zishintshe kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Kukhona labo abangabakhe iqembu esindayo, lezi izinto babe kwabantu esiphezulu. Abanye, isibonelo, lithium, kulula kanjalo, ukuthi akwazi ukubhukuda emanzini, uma kuphela ayengazikhonzi nalo e ekubhekaneni.

Yikuphi insimbi kukhona esebenzayo kunazo zonke?

Kodwa lokho metal libonisa izici okukhulu kakhulu? I metal ezimatasa - kuyinto cesium. Ngokusho umsebenzi wonke metal ngoba kunesithembiso kwasekuqaleni. Njengoba 'labafowabo' abhekwa France, ngubani endaweni yesibili, futhi ununennium. Kodwa on the izakhiwo ososayensi zokugcina namanje bazi okuncane.

Izakhiwo cesium

Cesium - i-elementi lelo, njengethempeli gallium metal, kulula ukuba igcwale amanzi ezandleni zabo. Nokho, ukuze enze lokhu, kungenzeka kuphela ngombandela wokuthi uma cesium uku ampoule ingilazi. Kungenjalo, metal ungakwazi ngokushesha ukuxubana emoyeni ambient - okhela. A cesium nokuxhumana ngamanzi ephelezelwa ukuqhuma - lokhu kubonakaliswa kuyoboniswa nguMbusi walo metal ezimatasa. Lona impendulo yombuzo kungani kunzima kangaka ukuze ayifake iziqukathi cesium.

Ukuze ufake ngaphakathi amashubhu, kubalulekile ukuthi senziwe ingilazi ekhethekile futhi ugcwale argon noma i-hydrogen. Cesium ukuma ka 28,7 ° ^C. Ngesikhathi ekamelweni lokushisa, insimbi isebujameni semi ketshezi. Cesium kuyinto into segolide nombala omhlophe. I metal ketshezi ingumfanekiso ezinhle ukukhanya. cesium evala kukhona luhlaza umbala ogqamile oluhlaza.

Kungayiphi indlela wavulwa cesium?

I metal ezimatasa Kwaqala chemical isici, ogama khona kutholwe kusetshenziswa indlela sokuhlaziya Spectral of uqweqwe ebusweni. Lapho ososayensi ithole nomkhakha we metal kuwo, babona imigqa emibili umbala esibhakabhakeni-blue. Ngakho wawubizwa ngokuthi lesi sici. Caesius igama elihunyushwe Latin lisho ukuthi "sky blue".

Umlando yokutholakala

Lomlomo waso is owned by abacwaningi German Robert Bunsen futhi Kirchhoff. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ososayensi baye bazibuza ukuthi izinsimbi iyasebenza, futhi lokho - akukho. Ngo 1860, abacwaningi wafunda indlela yokwakheka amanzi kusukela kwesigubhu Dyurkgeymskogo. Bakwenza ngosizo ukuhlaziywa Spectral. Ososayensi amanzi isampula wathola izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi Sesithombe, magnesium, lithium, i-calcium.

Khona-ke banquma ukuba sihlaziye lamanzi ngosizo spectroscope. Babe sebebona imigqa emibili bright blue ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba nomunye. Omunye wabo esikhundleni sawo cishe kuvumelana ulayini Sesithombe metal. Ososayensi wanquma ukuthi ukuhlonza ketshezi kuyinto engaziwa futhi amthwalela iqembu insimbi alikhali.

Ngawo lowo nyaka Bunsen wabhalela uzakwabo, uMnu Roscoe photochemists, okuyinto wakhuluma ukutholakala. Ngokusemthethweni mayelana cesium kwabikwa Meyi 10, 1860 emhlanganweni ososayensi Berlin Academy. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, Bunsen wakwazi ukunikeza mayelana 50 amagremu cesium hloroplatinita. Ososayensi baye kusetshenzwe amathani angu-300 amanzi amaminerali kanye labelwe mayelana 1 kg lithium chloride njengoba ovela eceleni, ukuze ekugcineni ukuthola metal ezimatasa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi cesium emanzini amaminerali equkethwe kancane kakhulu.

Nobunzima ukuthola cesium njalo odlulela ososayensi ukucinga namaminerali eyiqukethe, enye yazo pollucite. Kodwa isizinda cesium netshe uhlale akuphelele enkonzweni cesium kwashabalala ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenza kube enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu izinto ebubulweni lesimbi. ungqimba lomhlaba, isibonelo, iqukethe 3.7 amagremu cesium ngethani. Futhi ilitha asolwandle micrograms 0.5 kuphela izinto amele metal ezimatasa. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi isizinda cesium ingenye izinqubo ezingu okhandlayo.

Ukuthola eRussia

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, amaminerali oyinhloko kusukela lapho cesium kuyinto pollucite. Futhi insimbi kakhulu esebenzayo uzilungiselele kusukela avogadrita ezingavamile. Ngo umkhakha isetshenziswa pollucite. Isizinda of emva iSoviet Union iwa eRussia awuzange kwenziwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngisho ngalezo zikhathi ziye zatholakala nenqwaba cesium e Crow emathafeni eduze Murmansk.

Ngesikhathi lapho imboni yasekhaya wakwazi ukuthenga isizinda cesium, ilayisensi sokuthuthukiswa emkhakheni u aluthola bevela eCanada. Manje yokukhipha cesium ukhiqiza Novosibirsk CJSC "Ezingavamile Izinsimbi Isitshalo".

Ukusetshenziswa cesium

Lokhu metal isetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza photocells ahlukahlukene. Futhi cesium compounds asetshenziswa emasimini olukhethekile yokukhanya - enkulu ekwakhekeni imishini infrared, embonweni wasebusuku omabonakude. Cesium isetshenziswa womshini sokuzingela izikophu, okukuvumela ukuba bagcine imishini kanye nezisebenzi lesitha. ламп. Futhi isetshenziswa ukwenziwa izibani ezikhethekile halide metal.

Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu ucede uhla uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Cesium sidaliwe eziningi imithi. Lokhu imithi ukwelapha idiphtheria, peptic isilonda isifo, kanye bayasangana uthuthumele. Njengoba lithium nosawoti, cesium nosawoti babe izakhiwo normotimicheskoe - noma, nje, uyakwazi eliletha ukuthula ngemuva ngokomzwelo.

francium metal

Enye insimbi ne izakhiwo edinga francium. It lethiwa yokudumisa metal lenkaba owathola. M. Pere, owazalelwa eFrance, ivule isici esisha chemical ngo-1939. Ungomunye walabo izakhi, lapho abacwaningi bamakhemikhali ngisho ngokwabo bakuthola kunzima ukudweba noma iyiphi iziphetho.

Francium yilona umculo onesigqi esinamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kanye metal amaningi asebenzayo - lena France, kanye cesium. Le nhlanganisela ezingavamile - okusezingeni eliphezulu chemical umsebenzi kanye ukumelana ongaphakeme possesses francium zenuzi. usizo ngokwengqikithi kakhulu isikhathi eside isigamu-ukuphila kwakhe imizuzu 22 kuphela. Francium isetshenziselwe ukuthola ezinye isici - actinium. Futhi usawoti France ngaphambili ezihlongozwayo isetshenziselwe ukuthola izimila anomdlavuza. Nokho, ngenxa yezindleko eliphezulu ukukhiqizwa usawoti akunakunisiza.

Ukuqhathaniswa izinsimbi ezimatasa

Ununennium - ayikenziwa wadalula metal. Kuyoba uyohlala endaweni wokuthoma ereyini yesishiyagalombili uhlelo gqwa. Ukuthuthukiswa nocwaningo kwalesi sakhi aphethwe eRussia Ukuhlala Ngokuhlanganyela Kwezindlu Zombili Institute for Nuclear Research. I metal uyophinde ube ukuze ifa umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu. Uma siqhathanisa cesium eyaziwa futhi francium ke aphakeme ionization ezingaba - 380 kJ / Mol - kuyodingeka francium.

Ngalesi ngesilinganiso cesium kwaba 375 kJ / Mol. Kodwa namanje ke akasabeli francium ngokukhulu ukushesha cesium. Ngakho, cesium - kwensimbi asebenzayo. Kuyinto - impendulo (i-chemistry ngokuvamile kungaphansi, lapho uhlelo ingatholakala umbuzo ofanayo), okungase kube usizo kuyisifundo e esikoleni futhi esikoleni sokufundela amakhono omsebenzi.