Afrika: indaba nezwekazi

Afrika, omlando wakhe ugcwele yezimfihlakalo izimfihlakalo esidlule kanye nokuthuthuka kwezombusazwe olunegazi kule - izwekazi elibizwa ngokuthi isizinda sokucabanga lesintu. zwekazi elikhulu ophethe ingxenye yesihlanu yezwe Imininingwane indawo le planethi, layo ligcwele amadayimane namaminerali. Enyakatho welulela ezingwadule ezingaphili, enemikhuba esishisayo eningizimu - ese intombi kunothile zilwane sendawo zezitshalo nezilwane. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukwehluka abantu namaqembu ezinhlanga kuleli zwekazi, isibalo sabo sincane emhlabeni eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. izizwe ezincane ezibalelwa amadolobhana amabili nasezizweni ezinkulu - Abadali of the isiko eliyingqayizivele futhi eyingqayizivele "black" zwekazi.

Kanjani emazweni amaningi kuleli zwekazi, lapho ukuba Afrika, geography nomlando cwaningo, izwe - konke lokhu uyofunda kulesi sihloko.

Kusukela umlando nezwekazi

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa Afrika ingenye nezindaba ukuphokophela kakhulu emivubukulweni. Futhi uma eGibhithe lasendulo bakhangwa izazi kusukela esikhathini sasendulo, lonke izwekazi uye wahlala "isithunzi" kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19. Prehistory zaleli zwekazi yinde kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu. On ke, iminonjana bokuqala hominids eziye zatholakala, wahlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Ethiopia. Ngomlando we-Asia nase-Afrika kwaba ngendlela ekhethekile, ngenxa indawo bona baxhunywe by ukuhweba kanye nobudlelwane zezombusazwe ngisho phambi Bronze Age.

Esibhaliwe eyaziwa ukuthi uhambo lokuqala emhlabeni zwekazi liye esenziwe kaFaro Nekho waseGibithe eminyakeni 600 BC. NgeNkathi Ephakathi nentshisekelo Afrika waqala ukubonisa baseYurophu ukuthi ukukhuthalele ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba nezizwe empumalanga. Lolu hambo lokuqala ezwekazini ezikude ihlelwe isikhulu isiPutukezi, kulapho isiphetho yokuphambuka Cape Boyador watholwa futhi wenza ukuthi iphuzu kakhulu eningizimu ye-Afrika. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ezinye Portuguese - noBartolomewu Diaz e 1487 wathola eCape of Good Hope. Ngemva impumelelo ngohambo lwakhe ukuze Afrika futhi sifike imibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 yonke indawo yakwa-olwandle olusentshonalanga coast zitholwe amaPutukezi, isiNgisi neSpanishi. Wabe eseqala umlando wamakoloni be-Afrika kanti isigqila asebenzayo.

isikhundla ezindawo

Afrika - lena izwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu, indawo yezinye eziyizigidi ezingu-30,3 sq. km. Welula ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu phezu ibanga 8000 km, futhi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - 7500 km. Ukuze nezwekazi libhekene predominance sendawo flat. Engxenyeni enyakatho-ntshonalanga samanje Atlas Mountains kanye iSahara - Plateau Tibesti futhi Ahaggar, empumalanga - Ethiopia, eningizimu - kanye Cape zoKhahlamba ezintabeni.

Umlando ezemvelo Afrika kuhlobene eduze LaseBrithani. Ukuvela ezwekazini ekhulwini le-19, baba ayematasa uphenyo kuye, okwembula emangalisa ngenxa yobuhle balo nokuhlala ubuhle amasayithi yemvelo: Victoria Falls, iChibi iChad, Kivu, Edward, Albert nabanye e-Afrika ingenye emifuleni emhlabeni ezinkulu - saseNayile, okuyinto. ukuqala kwesikhathi kwaba sombuso impucuko waseGibhithe.

Mainland iyona ezishisa kakhulu emhlabeni, lokhu imbangela isikhundla salo ezindawo. nayo yonke indawo Afrika itholakala uma kushisa, wachapha yenkabazwe.

izwekazi zinothile imithombo yemvelo ngokungadingekile. Emhlabeni wonke ezaziwa ezifakwa elikhulu idayimane eZimbabwe naseNingizimu Afrika, igolide e-Ghana, Mali neCongo, uwoyela e-Algeria Nigeria, yensimbi nomthofu-zinc imikhando esogwini olusenyakatho.

Ukuqala ikoloni

Umlando wamakoloni Asia ne-Afrika ine nezimpande ezijulile kakhulu endulo. Imizamo yokuqala ukuze nginqobe la mazwe baseYurophu baye bathatha ngisho 7-5 eminyaka. BC, lapho amaGreki zaziyizindawo eziningi ogwini zwekazi. Lokhu kwalandelwa kwenkathi ende Hellenization laseGibhithe ngenxa ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu.

Khona-ke, ngaphansi kwengcindezi amabutho eziningi Roman kwakuthiwe waqinisa cishe yonke ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Afrika. Nokho, ukuphendula uye phansi kancane kakhulu, izizwe zabomdabu namaBerber baziqhubekela ezijulile ehlane.

Afrika Ephakathi

Phakathi yokuncipha kokubaluleka woMbuso WaseByzantium, ngomlando we-Asia nase-Afrika wenza abukhali U-ujike ngokuphelele uhlangothi impucuko European. Berbers Intensified ekugcineni wabhubhisa izikhungo Christian kwamasiko eNyakatho Afrika ukuze "kuhlanzwe" insimu ka abanqobi entsha - Arabhu, owanikhipha Islam naye waxosha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Ngu khona ngekhulu lesikhombisa e-Afrika ranneevropeyskih uthi cishe encishisiwe zero.

Esibalulekile sami sengqondo sashintsha kuphela izigaba yokugcina Reconquista, lapho ikakhulukazi amaPutukezi kanye abaseSpain reconquered enhlonhlweni Iberia, kanti njo yakhe ogwini okuphambene Strait of Gibraltar. Emakhulwini eminyaka 15-16, babeshumayela ngentshiseko Afrika inqubomgomo ukunqoba, kunothumba inani lamaphuzu eqinile. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15. kwangena French, isiNgisi Dutch.

Esisha Umlando Asia ne-Afrika ngenxa yezizathu eziningi eduze kuhlobene. Trade eningizimu iSahara ngenkuthalo asathuthuka e-ingxenye-Arabhu sithi kwaholela ikoloni akusheshi futhi yonke ingxenye esempumalanga yaleli zwekazi. ENtshonalanga Afrika wamelana. Kwakukhona ezindaweni Arab, kodwa imizamo Morocco ukuba anqotshwe kule ndawo kwehlulekile.

Race-Afrika

Colonial division zaleli zwekazi phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19 kuze kube yilapho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala wabizwa ngokuthi "emncintiswaneni Afrika". Lesi sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya umncintiswano eqinile ezinzima emandleni ehamba phambili yaseYurophu lingabacindezeli yokuziphatha ezempi kanye nemisebenzi yocwaningo esifundeni, eyayibonakala wagcina ethunyelwe ekunqotshweni mazwe amasha. Ikakhulukazi inqubo eqinile zenzeka emva Ukwamukelwa lenkomfa Berlin ka 1885 General Act wamemezela isimiso umsebenzi ngempumelelo. Umvuthwandaba we Africa kwesigaba kwaba empini phakathi France naseGreat Britain ngo 1898, okwenzeka e Upper Nile.

Ngu-1902, u-90% e-Afrika kwaba ngaphansi kolawulo European. Ukuze ivikele ukuzimela kanye nenkululeko kwaba kuphela Liberia neTopiya. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala saphela uhlanga wamakoloni, okwaphumela cishe lonke elase-Afrika lahlukaniswa. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa amakoloni kwaba ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuncike ekutheni, uba ngaphansi kokuphatha kukabani protectorate kwaba. I Holdings ngobukhulu babe eFrance UK, kancane kancane ePortugal eJalimane. EYurophu, e-Afrika kwaba umthombo obalulekile of izinto zokusetshenziswa, amaminerali kanye amaholo aphansi.

unyaka ukuzimela

Kubhekwe senguquko 1960, lapho omunye ngemva komunye uthi abasha Afrika baqala ukuvela kusuka emandleni wedolobha. Yiqiniso, le nqubo iye ungakaqali, futhi uqede esikhathini esifushane kangaka. "Afrika" Nokho, wamemezela 1960.

Afrika, omlando wakhe engazange asungule todvwa kusukela izwe, waba ngandlela-thile, kodwa futhi ukudonselwa neMpi Yezwe II. Umbuso wasenyakatho ingxenye enkulu yezwekazi lase-abahlukunyezwa izimpi, amakoloni bashaywa aphume amabutho zokugcina ukunikeza lo muzi nge izinto zokusetshenziswa nokudla, kanye nabantu. Izigidi zabantu base-Afrika ziye zathatha ingxenye ezingxabanweni, abaningi babo 'ixazululwe "kamuva e-Europe. Naphezu imvelo kwezombangazwe zembulunga yonke ngenxa "black" izwekazi phakathi neminyaka yempi zaziphawuleka ngokungabi ukufukulwa komnotho, ngesikhathi lapho imigwaqo zakhelwe, amachweba, airfields zezindiza, amabhizinisi kanye nezimboni, njll

A round esisha umlando Afrika ithole emva ukutholwa England Atlantic Charter, okuyinto kuqinisekisa ilungelo abantu lokuzibusa. Futhi ngenkathi osopolitiki bazama ukuchaza ukuthi kwaba umbuzo ezizwe matasa zaseJapane eJalimane, amakoloni iphathwa idokhumenti umusa wayo futhi. Endzabeni yokufuna ukuzibusa Afrika kahle ngaphambi Asia esathuthuka ngaphezulu.

Naphezu akekho izingxabano ilungelo lokuzibusa, baseYurophu abekho ezisheshayo "uyayekela" amakoloni yayo ukuntanta ngokukhululekile, futhi kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala ngemva kwempi, izitatimende sokuzibusa ngesihluku ukuyiveza. Zibe kwakunjalo lapho British ngo-1957, wanikwa inkululeko Ghana - emazweni amaningi athuthukile kwezomnotho. Ekupheleni kuka-1960 kwesigamu Afrika, ithola uzibuse. Nokho, kwacaca ukuthi, akuqinisekisi lutho.

Uma sibheka ibalazwe, uzobona ukuthi i-Afrika, omlando wakhe kuyinto ebuhlungu kakhulu, izwe ihlukaniswe imigqa ecacile futhi abushelelezi. AbaseYurophu akazange lokumba ezingokoqobo namasiko kuleli zwekazi, umane sokuhlukanisa endaweni uwedwa. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi zahlukaniswa ezifundazweni eziningana, kuyilapho abanye ehlangana kwelinye nezitha esifungelwe. Ngemva ukuzimela, konke lokhu kuye kwavula izingxabano eziningi yobuhlanga, izimpi zombango, amasu okugumbuqela imibuso lempi, nokuqothulwa kohlanga.

Freedom itholiwe, yilokho nje ukwenza nalo, akekho owayazi. BaseYurophu yahamba, konke abebengakwenza ukuthatha naye. Cishe bonke izinhlelo, kuhlanganise imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwadingeka ukuba wadala kusuka ekuqaleni. Kwakungekho abasebenzi, akukho imithombo, akukho ubudlelwane angaphandle.

Amazwe nezindawo engaphansi e-Afrika

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla indaba kokutholakala Afrika yaqala kudala. Nokho, ukuhlaselwa ingcindezelo European futhi eminyaka buye baholela yokuthi yesimanje, geqe endaweni yaleli zwekazi kwakhiwa ngokoqobo engxenyeni emaphakathi noma yesibili ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi wathola ilungelo lokuzibusa sokuzizwa kamnandi kulezi zindawo. Afrika namanje wacabangela emuva kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ezwekazini, kokuba okwamanje zonke izidingo ukuphila okuvamile.

Okwamanje, nezwekazi ehlala abantu 1.037.694.509 - mayelana 14% abantu sebebonke abantu emhlabeni. Insimu ezwekazini sehlukaniswe amazwe 62, kodwa kuphela 54 babo babhekwa njengabantu ezimele umphakathi jikelele. 10 amazwe ayiziqhingi ase wabo, 37 - ngokufinyelela okubanzi ukuze izilwandle nakho izilwandle 16 uma uya phakathi nezwe.

Okwazekayo, Afrika - izwekazi, kodwa umkhuba it is ngokuvamile inamathele eziqhingini eziseduze. Ezinye zazo asengamalungu baseYurophu. Kubandakanya French Reunion, Mayotte, amaPutukezi Madeira, abaseSpain Melilla, Ceuta, abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary, isiqhingi lwaseBrithani Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha futhi Ascension.

amazwe ase-Afrika is evamile ihlukaniswe yaba ngamaqembu 4 kuye indawo: Northern, Western, Southern naseMpumalanga. Ngezinye izikhathi labelwe ehlukile imaphakathi.

North Afrika

North Afrika ngokuthi isifunda esikhulu kakhulu ababalelwa ezigidini 10 sq. M ^2, futhi ingxenye enkulu ehlane Sahara. Itholakala kwi elikhulu ezweni lonke izwekazi: Sudan, Libya, Egypt futhi Algeria. Zonke izifundazwe engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-eziyisishiyagalombili, ngakho efakwe kufanele wanezela South Sudan, Sadr, Morocco, Tunisia.

Umlando Contemporary Asia ne-Afrika (enyakatho nesifunda) eduze kuhlobene. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 endaweni was fully ngaphansi kwesivikelo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukuzimela iye yazuza kule minyaka 50-60. ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Budebuduze okuyo kwelinye izwekazi (e-Asia naseYurophu) futhi ukuhweba yendabuko ubudala futhi ubudlelwane kwezomnotho nalo iye yafeza indima. Ngokuya ukuthuthukiswa lweNyakatho Afrika e sibe sesimweni esingcono kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa eNingizimu. Ukukhethwa, mhlawumbe, Sudan kuphela. Tunisia linomnotho yokuncintisana kakhulu lonke izwekazi, Libya, futhi Algeria ukukhiqiza igesi namafutha, akhishwa, Morocco waziphatha ezimayini rock-phosphate. Ingxenye eyinhloko labantu namanje baqashwe emkhakheni wezolimo. wemboni Ngaphansi ebalulekile emnothweni wase-Libya, Tunisia, Egypt futhi Morocco bayatfutfuka ezokuvakasha.

Idolobha elikhulu elinabantu abangaphezu kuka-9 million - Egypt Cairo, labantu nezinye ingeqi 2 million - Casablanca, Alexandria. Iningi Afrika enyakatho bahlala emadolobheni, lingamaSulumane futhi ukukhuluma isi-Arabhu. Kwamanye amazwe, omunye isikhulu kubhekwe ukuba French. endaweni eNyakatho Afrika unothile izikhumbuzo komlando wasendulo kanye izakhiwo, izinto zemvelo.

It usehlela ukuthuthukisa i wokuvelela European iphrojekthi Desertec - ukwakhiwa kwekulu solar amandla uhlelo in ogwadule eSahara.

eNtshonalanga Afrika

Insimu eNtshonalanga Afrika kudlulela eningizimu emaphakathi Sahara, Atlantic Ocean, ngasempumalanga ngu ezintabeni eCameroon. Kukhona amathafa kanye amahlathi emvula, kanye bikho kokuhlolwa izimila Sahel. Kuze isikhathi lapho osebeni baseYurophu unyawo kule ngxenye ye-Afrika sikhona kakade amazwe ezifana Mali, e-Ghana ne Isi-Songhai. Guinea esifundeni isikhathi eside ebizwa ngokuthi 'emathuneni elimhlophe "ngenxa ezingaphephile engavamile abaMhlophe izifo:. Imfiva, umalaleveva, ukugula elele nokunye D. Okwamanje, iqembu emazweni aseNtshonalanga Afrika yilezi: Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Liberia, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal.

Umlando yamuva emazweni Afrika esifundeni ezihangulwe izibhelu lempi. Territory ladwengulwa izingxabano eziningi phakathi anglophone futhi Francophone zamazwe ayengaphansi European. Liyaziphikisa amanga kuphela Umgoqo wolimi, kodwa futhi umbono yokucabanga. Kukhona izindawo ezishisayo eLiberia Sierra Leone.

uxhumano Road enganamandla kakhulu futhi, eqinisweni, yilokho ifa kwesikhathi wamakoloni. State zaseNtshonalanga Afrika kukhona phakathi ampofu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Nakuba Nigeria, isibonelo, has nenqwaba uwoyela.

East Africa

Isifunda kwendawo kuhlanganisa yezwe esempumalanga yoMfula iNayile (ngaphandle Egypt), izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu ushayele iwumthombo isintu. Kulapha, njengayo, okhokho bethu baphila.

Lesi sifunda siyindawo engazinzile kakhulu, ludvweshu yaphenduka impi, kuhlanganise ngokuvamile kakhulu emphakathini. Cishe bonke akhiwa ngezizathu yobuhlanga. East Africa is uhlalwe amaqembu engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili yobuhlanga okuqondene amaqembu amane ulimi. Ezinsukwini indawo wamakoloni lahlukaniswa ngaphandle ikhumbula leli qiniso, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, ezingazange ihlonishwe imingcele engokwesiko yobuhlanga. Ithuba ukungqubuzana uyawuthiya kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni esifundeni.

EMpumalanga Afrika kuhlanganisa kulamazwe alandelayo: Mauritius, Kenya, Burundi, Zambia, Djibouti, Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania, eSomalia, eTopiya, South Sudan, Eritrea.

South Africa

endaweni yaseNingizimu Afrika kuyingxenye umxhwele zaleli zwekazi. Kukhona amazwe ayisihlanu. Okungukuthi: lokunandisa eBotswana, eLesotho, eNamibia, eSwazini, eNingizimu Afrika. Bonke banobunye-Southern African Customs Union, i-izimayini kanye ukuhweba ikakhulukazi uwoyela amadayimane.

Umlando kwakamuva kwe-Afrika eningizimu ixhunyiwe enegama sezombangazwe esivelele-Nelson Mandela (esesithombeni), owachitha ukuphila kwakhe emzabalazweni wenkululeko kusukela beyisifunda.

South Africa, ogama UMengameli wayengazimisele iminyaka 5, manje izwe amaningi asethuthukile kuleli zwekazi futhi nguye yedwa okungadingi ezihlobana ngayo "amaZwe" isigaba. Umnotho athuthukisiwe kuyivumela ukuba ithathe indawo efanele 30 phakathi wonke amazwe ngokuvumelana IMF. It has a zigcine ocebile kakhulu kwemithombo yemvelo. Libuye omunye yimpumelelo kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa e-Afrika umnotho waseBotswana. Endaweni yokuqala kukhona imfuyo nezolimo ngezinga elikhulu kuthiwa misela amadayimane, namaminerali.