Yini ukusakaza biology? Izigaba eyinhloko yokuhumusha

Yini ukusakaza biology? Ukulandela umbhalo kuba ingxenye umbhedesho emaphakathi we-molecular biology, echaza ukusetshenziswa isimiso sezakhi zofuzo womshini amaketanga amino acid yesibili.

molecule Sokusakaza futhi RNA

Three ekilasini eziyisisekelo yamangqamuzana ribonucleic acid (RNA) zinengxenye Inkulumo zezakhi zofuzo ukuthi okubhalwe dezokseribonukleinovoy acid (DNA) esitokisini. Ziyakwazi:

• isithunywa RNA (mRNA)
• RNA ephathekayo (tRNA)
• RNA ribosomal (rRNA)

Uma usakaza indima ekhethekile udlalwa yi-izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala-RNA.

translation isimiso

Ngo biology ukusakaza kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi lapho ulwazi oluqukethwe molecule RNA (mRNA), iprotheni is kuhlelwe umqondo. Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe mRNA ifundwa usebenzisa isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. translation Sheer kuvela isakhiwo ngokuthi ribosome okuyinto uhlobo efektri amaprotheni zamagama. Lokhu organelle cell has subunit ezincane nezinkulu kanye kuyinto molecule eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ribosomal RNA molecule eziningana, futhi eziningi amaprotheni.

Yini ukusakaza biology?

Yokusakaza kuyisinyathelo sesibili emva umbhalo. Kulezi izinqubo, isimiso sezakhi zofuzo iguqulwe ibe le amino acid nempumalanga kuhlangane ngu peptide izibopho. ngamaketanga amino acid ngokuthi polypeptides, futhi zitholakala ngaphakathi ribosomes, organelles amancane ukuthi zidlala indima ebalulekile enqubeni wamaprotheni zamagama. Ingachazwa njenge: biology translation - inqubo yeselula lapho uchungechunge amino acid akhiwa emagama. Amaphrotheni zamagama kwenzeka cytoplasm, lapho ribosomes zitholakala.

Yini ukusakaza biology eqinisweni ababuthelwa polypeptide? Kukhona izinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile - Ukuqalwa, ukunwebeka futhi inqamule. Labo la magama asetshenziswa kule umbhalo kanye ukuchaza ukudalwa izigaba RNA chain.

Zero isigaba kubhekwa Kuvuselela, lapho oyifunayo acid acid is covalently iboshelwe RNA efanelekayo (tRNA) futhi kuba "icala". Nakuba engeyena ngempela isinyathelo ukuhumusha, lesi sinyathelo futhi kuyadingeka, kanye bonke abanhliziyo okwalandela. Ngakho, cabanga izigaba ukuhumusha biology kabanzi:

1. Ukuqaliswa. Kulesi sigaba, lo mRNA unamathele tRNA, ehambisana wathi acid acid. Zonke ndawonye, bemunye ribosome.
2. Ukunwebeka. Lokhu ukunwebeka ngokwengeza amino acid kuhambisana kumiswa peptide izibopho. Ekugcineni wadala polypeptide. unezela inqubo uyaqhubeka ngokuphindaphindiwe nje iketango awufiki kumkhawulo walo, okuyinto cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amino acid.
3. Ukunqanyulwa. Lapho isignali ekupheleni sitholwa biosynthesis, a polypeptide ahlukaniswa ribosome. Lapho ngidedelwa ejele amaprotheni entsha, uhla eligcwele yezokusakaza amakhefu.

inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enembile

Yini ukusakaza biology? Lena iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo inqubo Akumangalisi ehleleke kahle futhi kunembile esibandakanya eziningi izakhi. Zonke ukunyakaza, ukuphendula kanye nezinye manipulations esihlelwe kahle. Ukuguqulwa zezakhi zofuzo amaprotheni kakhulu ngezigaba ezimbili: umbhalo kanye wokuhumusha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi kuqala kungekho zamagama amaprotheni ingekho ngaphandle yesibili akunakwenzeka.

Ukusakaza Esigabeni sokugcina ukuqaliswa Imininingwane ezakhini zofuzo. Le nqubo ingathatha kuphela zenzeke emangqamuzaneni aphilayo bese kuba nzima kakhulu kunokuba owedlule-matrix zamagama ukufanisana kanye nokubhalwa. Ukuhumusha kuhilela zonke izinhlobo RNA, izinhlobo amabili ama-amino acid, ama-enzyme ehlukahlukene nokunye. isikhungo evelele yazo zonke izenzakalo ezifana izenzo organelle yeselula, i-ribosome.

Iqiniso Okumangazayo ukudidiyelwa lwazo zonke izinto uxhumana wamaprotheni biosynthesis: ngqo enzyme eziningi kuhloswe ukuqashelwa mutual ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. ukwehluleka Ngisho ngephutha wathola namaphutha kweso aqedwa enzyme, okuyinto, isimiso, ukuze ungaphenduli.

nokubambisana nenzuzo

Njengoba ribosome yeselula ezihambayo eduze RNA isithunywa, kancane kancane ezikhishwe kwaqala site, wajoyina ngumuntu ribosome ezahlukene. Futhi isibalo organelles ezifana ukusebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo i-molecule ye esifanayo, bangase ukufinyelela amashumi amaningana. Ngakho, eyodwa kuphela base-matrix isetshenziswa synthesize ezihlukahlukene yamangqamuzana duplekatov polypeptide. lokhu kubambisana nenzuzo liye labizwa ngokuthi polyribosomes (polysomes).

Kuye onjani amaprotheni adingekayo iseli ethile noma umzimba wonkana, kukhona multi-polypeptide biosynthesis izakhi zofuzo kanye ilawulwa abanye izindlela zokulawula, okuyinto ngaphandle komzamo futhi njalo usebenze emazingeni athile ukudedelwa kolwazi ezihlukahlukene zofuzo, kuhlanganise phakathi kokusakaza.