Luminescence: izinhlobo, izindlela, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Thermally luminescence uyavuselelwa - Iyini?

Luminescence - kuyinto ekushayweni ukukhanya ukuthi izinto ezithile esimweni kuqhathaniswa abandayo. It ihlukile emisebeni zemizimba esikhipha, ezifana izinkuni uvutha noma ilahle, insimbi oncibilikisiwe kanye wire ukufuthelana ngu i kagesi. luminescence ekushayweni siyenzeka:

• e neon futhi Fluorescent izibani, amathelevishini radar izikrini fluoroscopes;
• ekubeni nezinto eziphilayo ezifana luminol noma luciferin e ngokhanyikhanyi;
• e zombala ezithile obusetshenziswa ekukhangiseni ongaphandle;
• ngombani futhi aurora.

Kuzo zonke lezi zenzakalo ekushayweni ukukhanya ayibangelwa amalahle zendaba engenhla ekamelweni lokushisa, ngakho ubizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya okubandayo. SIZUZISA ngani izinto luminescent kuyinto ikhono lazo zidlulisela ifomu engabonakali amandla angaguqulwa abe ukukhanya ebonakalayo.

Imithombo inqubo

luminescence mkhuba kubangelwa zokuncishiswa kwamandla impahla, isibonelo, emthonjeni ultraviolet noma X-ray, i-electron imishayo, amakhemikhali ukusabela, nokunye. d. Lokhu kuphumela athomu into isimo ube nexhala. Njengoba ingahlalisekanga, uyabuya impahla esimweni saso sokuqala, futhi amandla ugxile ikhishwe njengoba ukukhanya kanye / noma ukushisa. Le nqubo ihlanganisa kuphela electron yangaphandle. luminescence kahle incike ngezinga elithile ukuguqulwa excitation amandla angaguqulwa abe ukukhanya. Inani izinto ukusebenza eyanele ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo, incane.

Luminescence futhi incandescence

luminescence excitation awahlobene le excitation zama-athomu. Lapho izinto ezishisayo ziqala ukuba kuvuthe ngenxa ama, ama-athomu zabo kukhona esimweni ube nexhala. Nakuba iyavevezela ngisho ekamelweni lokushisa, kwanele ukuthi emisebeni ezenzeka esikhathini kude infrared esifundeni Spectral. Njengoba kwanda lokushisa usekhuluma imvamisa emisebeni kagesi esifundeni ebonakalayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma kushisa kakhulu kakhulu okuyinto yilabo abake, isibonelo, ukushaqeka amashubhu, ukushayisana-athomu angaba namandla kangangokuba electron abahlukene nabo recombine, likhipha ukukhanya. Kulokhu, luminescence futhi esikhipha babe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana.

zombala fluorescent kanye udayi,

zombala Ezivamile kanye udayi ube umbala njengoba abonisa ukuthi ingxenye spectrum okuyinto ongumphelelisi ugxile. Ingxenye encane amandla is ibe ukushisa, kodwa ekushayweni abalulekile kwenzeka. Nokho, uma lo mbala Fluorescent ubamba ukukhanya ku ezahlukene endaweni ethile, kungaba ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, sihluke reflection. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa izinqubo ngaphakathi udayi noma sombala molecule ngawo ultraviolet zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela ebonakalayo, isibonelo, ilambu elikuhlaza. izindlela luminescence ezinjalo obusetshenziswa ekukhangiseni ongaphandle futhi egeza izimpushana. Kulo mBhalo, igama elithi "clarifier" lihlala izicubu hhayi kuphela ukubonisa ezimhlophe, kodwa futhi ukuba yelanga ukuguqula ku okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi uhlawula nasekuthuthukiseni mhlophe.

izifundo zokuqala

Nakuba nombani aurora futhi kukhanya zibuthuntu ngokhanyikhanyi nesikhunta bebelokhu abantu abawaziyo, izifundo luminescence iqala nge zokwenziwa impahla, lapho Vincenzo Kaskariolo Alchemist wezicathulo Bologna (Italy), e-1603 g. Ingxube evuthayo ka barium yombala sulfate (barite ifomu, Spar esindayo) nge amalahle. I powder etholakale emva Ukupholisa ngomoya, ebusuku blue luminescence sasikhipha, futhi Kaskariolo waphawula ukuthi ingabuyiswa by bazithobisa powder elangeni. Ingqikithi yabizwa ngokuthi "Lapis Solaris" noma sunstone, ngoba alchemy kunethemba lokuthi uyakwazi ukuvula izinsimbi base waba igolide, uphawu okuyinto ilanga. Afterglow ebangele isithakazelo yososayensi abaningi kwesikhathi, enikeza izinto futhi amanye amagama, kuhlanganise "phosphorus", okusho ukuthi "umthuthi yokukhanya".

Namuhla igama elithi "i-phosphorus" lisetshenziswa kuphela element kwamakhemikhali, kuyilapho izinto microcrystalline luminescent ngokuthi i phosphor. "Phosphorus" Kaskariolo, ngokusobala, kwaba sulfide ne-barium yombala. I phosphor ayatholakala emakhemisi lokuqala (1870) yaba "ukupenda Balmain" - isixazululo nge-calcium sulfide. Ngo-1866, yayibizwa echazwe ngowokuqala esitebeleni zinc sulfide phosphor ka - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla.

Omunye izifundo zokuqala yesayensi luminescence, okuyinto kubonakaliswa lapho abolile izinkuni noma kwenyama ngokhanyikhanyi, senziwa 1672 yi usosayensi oyiNgisi uRobert Boyle, owathi nakuba babengazi ukuthi ngemvelaphi kwamakhemikhali lokhu kukhanya, kodwa setha ezinye izindawo eziyisisekelo izinhlelo bioluminescent:

• Glow abandayo;
• kungashiwo ukuyiveza by ejenti zamakhemikhali ezifana utshwala, acid hydrochloric kanye ammonia;
• emisebeni sidinga ukufinyelela emoyeni.

Eminyakeni 1885-1887, ke kwaphawuleka ukuthi ezikhishwe ongahluziwe kusukela ngokhanyikhanyi eWest Indies (pyrophorus) clam Foladi lapho exutshwe umkhiqizo ukukhanya.

Izinto kuqala ngempumelelo chemiluminescent babe nonbiological compounds nje zokwenziwa njenge-luminol, ezatholakala ngo-1928 eneminyaka engu.

Chemi- futhi bioluminescence

Iningi amandla zakhishwa zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi namachibi ukusabela, ine uhlobo ukushisa. Kwezinye ukusabela, kodwa ingxenye isetshenziselwa vusa electron kuze kufinyelele emazingeni aphezulu, futhi ama-molecule Fluorescent phambi chemiluminescence (CL). Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi CL iyisici jikelele, kodwa umfutho luminescence incane kangangokuba kudinga ukusetshenziswa imitshina ebucayi. Nokho, Kukhona ezinye zezakhi ukuthi abonise CL egqamile. Esaziwa kakhulu kwalokhu luminol, okuyinto phezu namachibi ne-hydrogen peroxide kungazuzisa ukukhanya namandla okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza. Okunye uyabaqinisa CL-izinto - bese lofin lucigenin. Naphezu CL yabo ukugqama, akuwona wonke kuphumelela ngaso ukuguqulela chemical amandla ibe ngukukhanya, isb. K. Ngaphansi kuka 1% yezinhlayiya ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana zokukhanya. Ngo-1960 kwatholakala ukuthi i-esters ka oxalic acid, ayefaka e kumakhemikhali awuketshezi anhydrous ebukhoneni Fluorescent kakhulu ezinuka kamnandi ihlaba umkhosi ukukhanya okukhulu nge nekusebenta 23%.

Bioluminescence uhlobo olukhethekile chemiluminescence catalyzed ngu enzyme. Okuphuma luminescence yalezi ukusabela ongafinyelela 100%, okusho ukuthi i-molecule ye luciferin reactant ngamunye lwako likhipha isimo. Zonke namuhla ukuphendula bioluminescent eyaziwa catalyzed namachibi ukusabela okwenzeka khona emoyeni.

luminescence thermally uyavuselelwa

Thermoluminescence kusho ukungabikho emisebeni ezishisayo kodwa beqinisa ukukhanya ekushayweni izinto, ama-electron zazo ezazivuswa ukushisa. Thermally kwavusa luminescence ebonwe ezinye amaminerali ikakhulukazi crystal phosphors ngemva kokuba ezazivuswa ukukhanya.

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence okuyinto eyenzeka ngaphansi isenzo isigameko emisebeni kagesi ngendaba, ingenziwa uhla yokukhanya ebonakalayo ngokusebenzisa ultraviolet ukuba x-ray futhi gamma ngemisebe. Ngo luminescence, esibangelwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya, wavelength yokukhanya sasikhipha ngokuvamile esilingana noma mkhulu kunemisebe ijabulisa (m. E. Alinganayo noma amandla ngaphansi). Lokhu umehluko wavelength kubangelwa ukuguqulwa amandla engenayo ku kunyakaza kwama-atom noma ion. Ngezinye izikhathi, nge olunzulu laser ugongolo, ukukhanya asebenza ezintweni ungaba inamandla.

Iqiniso ukuthi PL kungenziwa ezazivuswa emisebeni ultraviolet, kwatholakala i-physics German Johann Ritter e 1801, waphawula ukuthi lesiya phosphors ziyavutha ngokukhazimulayo esifundeni engabonakali ingxenye onsomi bohlu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wavula emisebe ye-UV. Ukuguquka UV ukukhanya ebonakalayo kubaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo.

Gamma kanye x-ray vusa phosphors, kanye nezinye izinto crystalline esimweni luminescence ngu inqubo ionization kulandele recombination ka-electron futhi ion, lapho luminescence kwenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa kuba fluoroscopy elisetshenziswa Radiology, futhi scintillation zokubala. Irekhodi zokugcina futhi ulinganise emisebeni gamma iqondiswe ku disc camera nge phosphor, okuyinto abaxhumana optical nge ebusweni photomultiplier.

triboluminescence

Lapho zinhlayiya kwezinye izinto, ezifana ushukela, luthuli, inhlansi ebonakalayo. Okufanayo ebonwe izinto eziningi eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili. Zonke lezi zinhlobo luminescence eyenziwe amacala kagesi emihle nemibi. Kwakamuva ezivezwa mechanical ngokwahlukana evele enqubeni crystallization. ekushayweni Khanyisa ke kwenzeka ukudedela - bunqopha phakathi moieties yezinhlayiya, kungaba ngokusebenzisa excitation ka luminescence umkhathi aseduze laphezu komhlabathi ahlukaniswe.

electroluminescence

Njengoba thermoluminescence, electroluminescence (EL), igama elithi lifaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene luminescence esivamile okuyinto ukuthi ukukhanya sasikhipha lapho i osenyameni kagesi wamagesi, uketshezi futhi izinto eziqinile. Ngo 1752 Bendzhamin Franklin wasungula luminescence umbani olubangelwa osenyameni kagesi kudlule emkhathini. Ngo 1860, isibani osenyameni yaqale yaboniswa iRoyal Society of London. Yena kukhicite ukukhanya qwa nge high voltage osenyameni ngokusebenzisa carbon dioxide ngomfutho ongaphakeme. izibani Modern Fluorescent zisekelwe inhlanganisela electroluminescence futhi photoluminescence mercury ama-athomu ezazivuswa kagesi osenyameni ilambu, emisebeni ultraviolet wukukhanya kubo iguqulwe ibe ukukhanya ebonakalayo nge phosphor.

EL amqaphela electrode ngesikhathi electrolysis ngenxa recombination ion (futhi ngaleyo ndlela uhlobo chemiluminescence). Ngaphansi kwethonya emkhakheni kagesi ezingqimbeni ezondile zinc luminescent sulfide ekushayweni ukukhanya kwenzeka, okuyinto naye kubhekiselwa kuye njengoMsindisi electroluminescence.

Inani elikhulu izinto likhipha luminescence bedle electron yashesha - Idayimane, irubi, crystal phosphorus kanye ezithile eziyinkimbinkimbi-platinum usawoti. Isicelo sokuqala esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile cathodoluminescence - Oscilloscope (1897). izikrini Okufanayo usebenzisa ngcono crystalline phosphors asetshenziswa namathelevishini, radars, oscilloscopes futhi ama-electron microscopes.

radio

izakhi Radioactive engase ikhiphe i-alpha izinhlayiya (helium nuclei), ama-electron kanye gamma ray (a ephezulu amandla emisebeni kagesi). Kushisa bhé kule ndawo luminescence - ukukhazimula ezazivuswa Radioactive. Lapho-alpha kuyizinhlayiyana zibelesela crystalline phosphor, ebonakalayo ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu kulokolokoza amancane. Lomgomo usebenzisa physics IsiZulu Ernest 'uRutherford, ukufakazela ukuthi i-athomu has a core emaphakathi. upende Self-elikhanyayo esetshenziselwa wokugubha amawashi kanye namanye amathuluzi zisekelwe RL. Zakhiwa le phosphor futhi Radioactive, isibonelo tritium noma Radium. Umxhwele luminescence yemvelo - iyona Borealis aurora: izinqubo enemisebe elangeni ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana emkhathini uquqaba olukhulu ama-electron kanye ion. Lapho besondela Earth, ensimini yayo kazibuthe omhlaba mababuye izingongolo. Negesi uze uphele du izinqubo ezingqimbeni ongenhla emkhathini bese udala aurora abadumile.

Luminescence: physics yenqubo

Emission okukhanya okubonakalayo (isb. E. Nge yamaza phakathi 690 nm futhi 400 nm) excitation kudinga amandla, okuyinto likalwa ezingeni Einstein umthetho okungenani. Amandla (E) uyalingana Planck njalo (h), iphindwe imvamisa yokukhanya (ν) noma isivinini yayo a cleaner (c), zihlukaniswe nombono (λ): E = hν = HC / λ.

Ngakho, amandla awadingayo ukuze excitation zokhahlamba kusuka 40 kilocalories (obomvu) kuya ku-60 kcal (i-yellow), kanye kilojoule 80 (ngokunsomi) Mol lomcebo ngayinye. Enye indlela yokubonisa amandla - e-electron volts (1 ev = 1,6 × 10 ^-12 erg) - kusukela 1.8 kuya 3.1 ev.

Amandla excitation udluliselwa electron obangela luminescence ukuthi bagxume besuka emhlabathini waso ezingeni umuntu ephakeme. Lezi zimo zinqunywa yimithetho quantum Mechanics. izindlela ezihlukahlukene excitation kuxhomeke ekutheni kwenzeka ama-athomu eyodwa kanye nama-molecule, noma inhlanganisela ka-molecule e-crystal. Basuke okuqalwe isenzo izinhlayiya yashesha, ezifana electron, ion omuhle noma izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya.

Ngokuvamile, amandla excitation siphezulu kunamanye edingekayo ukuphakamisa electron emisebeni. Ngokwesibonelo, phosphor luminescence crystal komabonakude, cathode electron ekhiqizwa nge amandla kusho 25,000 volts. Noma kunjalo, umbala ukukhanya Fluorescent kucishe esizimele amandla nezinhlayiya. Lokhu kuthonywa ezingeni isimo ujabule sezikhungo crystal amandla.

izibani Fluorescent

I izinhlayiya, ngenxa okuyinto luminescence kwenzeka - lokhu electron yangaphandle kwama-atom noma ama-molecule. Ngo izibani Fluorescent, ezifana mercury athomu kuqhutshwa bedle amandla 6.7 ev noma ngaphezulu, ephakamisa omunye electron ezimbili yangaphandle ezingeni eliphezulu. Ngemva kokubuya yayo isimo phansi umehluko amandla sasikhipha njengoba ultraviolet nge wavelength 185 nm. Inguquko phakathi base nomunye ezingeni ukhiqiza emisebeni ultraviolet at 254 nm, nakho, ukwedlula ezinye phosphor Generating ukukhanya ebonakalayo.

Lokhu emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni kakhulu ngomfutho ongaphakeme mercury umusi (10 ^-5 emkhathini) asetshenziswa izibani igesi osenyameni yokucindezelwa ongaphakeme. Ngakho-60% ama-electron amandla is ibe a UV ukukhanya monochromatic.

Ngomfutho ophakeme, imvamisa kwandisa. Spectra ayisekho aqukethe eyodwa kulayini Spectral of 254 NM, futhi amandla emisebe ye-isakazwa emigqeni Spectral elihambisana amazinga ehlukene electronic: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 kanye 578 nm. izibani ingcindezi High mercury asetshenziswa okukhanyisa, kusukela ebonakalayo 405-546 NM ilambu elikuhlaza okotshani, kanti aguqulayo ingxenye emisebeni ekukhanyeni obomvu usebenzisa phosphor ngenxa uphendulela white.

Lapho igesi molecule kakhulu, luminescence yabo spectra ukukhombisa bands ezibanzi; hhayi electron kuphela avuselwa amazinga amandla ephakeme kodwa kanyekanye ujabule ezinyakazayo vibrational futhi ukujikeleza ukuzulazula kwama-athomu kokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla vibrational futhi ukujikeleza yezinhlayiya kukhona 10 ^-2 kanye 10 ^-4 we amandla shintsho, okuyinto tente ukuchaza sebuningini ukuhluka izingxenye wavelength yeviyo olulodwa. La ma-molecule emikhulu abe emapheshana eziningana agqagqene, eyodwa uhlobo ushintsho ngamunye. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ama-molecule e isixazululo advantageously ribbonlike ukuthi kubangelwa nokuxhumana inombolo elikhulu zishintshe nevuso molecule kuphela. Ngo amangqamuzana, njengoba e-athomu abathintekayo kulo luminescence electron elingaphandle orbitals yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Fluorescence futhi phosphorescence

Le migomo ungabahlukanisa hhayi kuphela esekelwe ubude luminescence, kodwa nangenduduzo indlela okwenza ngayo lokhu ukukhiqizwa. Lapho i-electron enthusiast esimweni singlet nge ngokuphathelene namalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba therein 10 ^-8 s, okuyindawo kalula ubuyele emhlabathini, ketshezi likhipha amandla ayo njengoba fluorescence. Phakathi nqubo, spin akashintshi. uthi Basic futhi ube nexhala abe kaningi efanayo.

Nokho, Electron, bangavuselwa ephakeme energy level (ngokuthi "isimo triplet i bethukile ') nokwelashwa kwakhe emuva. Ngo quantum Mechanics, ushintsho kusuka isimo triplet kuya singlet kungavunyelwe, ngakho-ke, isikhathi ekuphileni kwabo okuningi. Ngakho-ke, i-luminescence kulokhu okuningi eside: kukhona phosphorescence.