Uyini-alpha kwamazinyo ne-beta kwamazinyo? Beta-kwamazinyo, i-alpha kwamazinyo: futhi ukusabela ifomula

Alpha ne-beta emisebeni ngokuvamile okuthiwa ukuwohloka enemisebe. Le nqubo, okuyinto asebenza ezintweni ezivela kuyi-nucleus ye izinhlayiya subatomic, evela ngesivinini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-athomu noma usizo ngokwengqikithi kungenziwa siguqulwe komunye isici chemical kwenye. Alpha ne-beta ukubola nuclei kukhona isici izakhi engazinzile. Lezi zihlanganisa zonke ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ngenombolo icala mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 83 kanye nenombolo mass mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 209.

isimo ukuphendula kwenzeka

Kwamazinyo, njengabanye kugucuka enemisebe, kungokwemvelo futhi yokufakelwa. I last kungenxa ukufinyelela core iyiphi izinhlayiya angaphandle. Indlela alpha ne-beta kwamazinyo ukwazi ibhekane athomu - kuncike kuphela ngokushesha kanjani ukufinyelelwa isimo izinze.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kwenzeka alpha ne-beta-minus kwamazinyo.

Ngaphandle kwesibeletho samanje neutron, positron, i-proton ne nezinye ezingaphezu ezingavamile onakala futhi kugucuka zenuzi.

La magama wanika u-Ernest 'uRutherford, oye wacwaninga ngemisebe.

Umehluko phakathi nucleus ozinzile futhi engazinzile

Ikhono kwamazinyo incike esimweni ye-athomu. Okubizwa ngokuthi "ozinzile" noma okungezona enemisebe core isici Nonseparated ama-athomu. Okwazekayo, okwashiwo lezi zinto kungaholela infinity, ukuze ekugcineni kube nesiqiniseko sokuthi kunokuthula yabo. Kudingeka ukuhlukanisa enjalo nuclei engazinzile kwako eside kakhulu nengxenye-ukuphila.

Ngephutha, a "bese wehlisa" athomu zingafundwa njengoba esitebeleni. Nokho abatelekile Isibonelo kungaba tellurium, nokuningi kakhulu, IKhompyuthaYami yayo inani 128, kokuba ukuphila kwesigamu 2.2 × 10 ^24. Lokhu kwenzeka into engavamile. Lanthanum-138 kungaphansi isigamu-nokuphila, into esiyiminyaka 10 ^11. Leli gama lihlanganisa inkulumo izikhathi amathathu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo inkathi yamanje yonke.

Ingqikithi zokuwohloka enemisebe

Le nqubo kwenzeka at engahleliwe. Ngamunye ezibolile radionuclide uzuza isivinini, okuyinto njalo esimweni ngasinye. Izinga kwamazinyo ayikwazi ukushintshwa ngaphansi kwethonya iziphi izici zangaphandle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunjani ukusabela kuyokwenzeka ngaphansi kusetshenziswa amandla omkhulu okudonsa, ngesikhathi ngokuphelele zero, emkhakheni kagesi kazibuthe, ngesikhathi yokusabela chemical nokunye. Ithonya inqubo kungaba nomthelela ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus yama-athomu, okuyinto cishe kungenakwenzeka. ukuphendula okuvele kuncike kuphela athomu, lapho okuphuma, futhi esimweni saso yangaphakathi.

Igama elithi "radionuclide" kuvamile lapho ebhekisela ezinhlekeleleni kwamazinyo enemisebe. Labo abangavumelani ujwayelene nalo, kufanele bazi ukuthi igama iqembu athomu, okuyinto babe izakhiwo enemisebe ukuthi ungumnikazi inombolo mass, idijithi kanambambili kanye nesimo amandla.

radionuclides ezahlukene asetshenziswe sphere lobuchwepheshe, ezesayensi kanye nezinye yizenzo zabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, wezokwelapha izakhi idatha asetshenziswa izifo, izidakamizwa ukwelashwa, amathuluzi kanye nezinye izinto. Kukhona ngisho nabaningana Radiopreparat zokwelapha kanye prognostic.

Ayikho ebaluleke kancane ukuzimisela IKhompyuthaYami. Leli gama ubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo olukhethekile-atom amancanyana. Sinenkosi inombolo efanayo-athomu njengoba isici ezivamile, kodwa ngaphandle inombolo mass. It kubangelwa lo mehluko lemali neutrons okuyinto musa kuthinte icala njengoba proton ne-electron, kodwa ushintsho isisindo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hydrogen elula has yonke yabo 3. Lona isici kuphela amagama kabani isotopes aye abelwa: i deuterium-tritium (enemisebe kuphela) con. Kwezinye izimo, amagama kukhona ngokuhambisana ezinesisindo sama-athomu kanye isici esiyinhloko.

Alpha kwamazinyo

Lolu hlobo ukusabela enemisebe. Isici izici zemvelo lesithupha kanye inkathi lesikhombisa ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ikakhulukazi ngoba izakhi bokuzenzela noma transuranic.

Izingxenye ukuthi kungaba-alpha kwamazinyo

Phakathi insimbi okuyiwona ekonakaleni isici zihlanganisa cindezela, i-uranium nezinye izakhi kwesikhathi yesithupha neyesikhombisa we ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi zamakhemikhali, uma ngibala kusukela bismuth. Futhi ngaphansi inqubo isotopes of Izakhi ezisindayo.

Kwenzekani ngesikhathi yokusabela?

Lapho-alpha kwamazinyo iqala ekushayweni core izinhlayiya, ehlanganisa ama-proton emibili neutrons pair. Sheer ikhishwe kuyizinhlayiyana nucleus ye-athomu-helium, ne amayunithi mass 4 no-2 kwenkokhelo.

Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona isici esisha, esemgwaqweni ngakwesokunxele kwamaseli ezimbili kusukela ngo ishadi lesikhathi. Leli lungiselelo libizwa kuchaziwe ukuthi ukuqala 2 proton athomu elahlekile kanye nalo - icala kokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, i-mass okuholela IKhompyuthaYami 4 mass amayunithi kuyehla kuqhathaniswa isimo sokuqala.

izibonelo

Ngalesi ekonakaleni ka-uranium, cindezela kwakhiwa. Cindezela njalo, Radium livela, kuwo - Radon, eyagcina unika polonium, futhi ekugcineni - phambili. Ngo inqubo kukhona isotopes salezi zici, futhi Abazicasuli yini bona. etholwe Ngakho nokwe-uranium-238, cindezela-234, Radium-230, Radon-236 futhi kuze kube ukubukeka isici esitebeleni. Ifomula okunjena simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

Th-234 -> Ra-230 -> RN-226 -> Po-222 -> PB-218

Speed-alpha angawodwa kuyizinhlayiyana ekushayweni ngesikhathi kusuka 12 kuya kwezingu-20. Km / umzuzwana. Ngenkathi ingaphansi cleaner, nezinhlayiya enjalo kwakuyoba azungeza wonke ama-2 imizuzwana, ukuhamba kanye yenkabazwe.

kwamazinyo Beta

Umehluko phakathi kwale kuyizinhlayiyana electron - endaweni nesenzakalo. Ukuwa beta kwenzeka nucleus ye-athomu hhayi efwini electron nxazonke. Okuvame kakhulu kwazo zonke kugucuka enemisebe ekhona. It kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izakhi cishe yonke ekhona njengamanje zamakhemikhali. Kule kusobala ukuthi wonke amakhemikhali oyedwa othambekele ukubola IKhompyuthaYami. Ezimweni eziningi, ngenxa beta kwamazinyo kukhona beta lokususa kwamazinyo.

ukusabela

Lapho inqubo electron ejection kwenzeka izikhwebu ezivukayo ngenxa ukuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo neutron i-electron futhi proton. Ngakho-proton ngenxa mass enkulu bahlale nucleus futhi electron, okuthiwa i-beta-minus kuyizinhlayiyana, kusale athomu. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-proton siye sanda ngengxenye,-nucleus ye-elementi siyashintsha ngendlela enkulu kanye kwesokudla wakuqala ishadi lesikhathi.

izibonelo

Ukuwa beta potassium-40 iyiguqule ku-calcium IKhompyuthaYami, esemgwaqweni ngakwesokudla. Radioactive calcium-scandium-47 kuba 47, okungaba iphenduke titanium-47 esitebeleni. Kubonakala sengathi i-kwamazinyo beta? ifomula:

Ca-47 -> Sc-47 -> Ti-47

ekushayweni izinga we-beta-kuyizinhlayiyana ugongolo izikhathi 0.9 izinga 270 ayizinkulungwane. / sec.

Ngokwemvelo, the nuclides beta-likhipha akuzona amaningi kakhulu. Obalulekile wabo ngezindawo anabantu abambalwa kakhulu. Isibonelo potassium-40, okuyinto ingxube zemvelo iqukethe 119/10000 kuphela. Futhi, radionuclides zemvelo beta-minus-asebenzayo kusuka eziningi imikhiqizo Abaluleke alpha ne-beta ukubola uranium futhi cindezela.

Nokwahlukana beta Isibonelo salokhu: i-cindezela-234, okuyinto alpha kwamazinyo iguqulwe ibe nkinga-234, bese ngendlela efanayo kuba uranium, kodwa amanye IKhompyuthaYami yayo ngaphansi inombolo 234. Lokhu nokwe-uranium-234 futhi ngenxa-alpha kwamazinyo iba cindezela kodwa olunye uhlobo. Khona-ke, lokhu kuba cindezela-230 Radium-226, okuyinto ibe Radon. Futhi ukulandelana efanayo, kuze kufinyelele thallium, kuphela ehlukene beta ukuhwebelana emuva. Iphela le-beta kwamazinyo enemisebe ka ukuvela esitebeleni nomthofu-206. Lokhu ukuguqulwa has le ndlela elandelayo:

Th-234 -> Pa-234 -> U-234 -> Th-230 -> Ra-226 -> RN-222 -> At-218 -> Po-214 -> Bi-210 -> PB-206

Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo abalulekile radionuclides beta-asebenzayo K-40 kanye izakhi thallium ukuze uranium.

Ukuwa beta-plus

Kukhona ushintsho beta-plus. Ibizwa nangokuthi positron beta kwamazinyo. It is asebenza ezintweni ezivela kuyizinhlayiyana core ngokuthi i positron. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ukuguqulwa kwalesi sakhi sokuqala emi kwesokunxele, okuyinto elinabantu abambalwa.

Ngokwesibonelo

Lapho i-beta kwamazinyo ngogesi, i-magnesium-sodium 23 uba usizo ngokwengqikithi esitebeleni. Radioactive europium-samarium-150 kuba 150.

I kwaphumela ukuphendula beta kwamazinyo ungakha + beta beta ekushayweni. Izinga kuyizinhlayiyana ekushayweni ezimweni zombili ulingana izikhathi 0.9 ngejubane lokukhanya.

Okunye onakala enemisebe

Ngaphandle ukusabela ezifana noqhekeko kanye alpha-beta-kwamazinyo, ifomula zazo kwaziwa kahle kunezinye, kancane ezivamile futhi ejwayelekile radionuclides yokufakelwa izinqubo.

Neutron kwamazinyo. Ekushayweni izinhlayiya kokungathathi hlangothi kukhona 1 iyunithi mass. Phakathi IKhompyuthaYami yakhe eyodwa iguqulwe ibe kwenye ngenombolo mass aphansi. Isibonelo kungaba ukuguqulwa 9-lithium e lithium-8-5 helium e-helium-4.

Lapho ngemisebe ye-gamma ray iodine-127 IKhompyuthaYami kuyinto IKhompyuthaYami esitebeleni kuba inani 126 futhi ezidinga radioactivity.

Proton kwamazinyo. Akuvamile kakhulu. Nakuba-ke kwenzeka-proton ekushayweni kokuba ophethe +1, futhi 1 iyunithi mass. isisindo Atomic iba kancane inani elilodwa.

Noma yimuphi ukuguqulwa enemisebe, ngokukhethekile, ukuwohloka enemisebe, ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwe amandla ngefomu ye-gamma rays. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-gamma-reyi. Kwezinye izimo, lapho-X-ray emisebeni kokuba amandla ephansi.

Gamma kwamazinyo. Limelela ecucuza gamma-ray. emisebeni kagesi kuyinto baqinisa amakhanda kunokuba ze-X ray ukuthi isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Umphumela gamma ray noma fluxes zamandla nucleus yama-athomu. X-ray ubuye Solenoid, kodwa kuphakama emagobolondweni electron ye-athomu.

Mileage-alpha izinhlayiya

Alpha izinhlayiya ngongqimba amayunithi e-athomu 4 no-2 ophethe ukuhambisa rectilinearly. Ngenxa yalokhu, sikwazi ukukhuluma mileage-alpha izinhlayiya.

Inani kuncike endleleni kokuqala amandla zokhahlamba kusuka 3 kuya ku-7 (ngezinye izikhathi 13) cm emoyeni. Lesi sangoma aminyene kuyinto komunye wokuhamba a milimitha. emisebeni enjalo abakwazi ukungena ephepheni, futhi isikhumba womuntu.

Ngenxa yesisindo sayo siqu futhi ophathwa kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha ine ionizing amandla ukucekela phansi yonke into enkulu noma yini esendleleni yazo. Kule ndaba, i-alpha-radionuclides ayingozi kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni lapho zihlatshwa umzimba.

Ikhono afinyelela ekujuleni beta izinhlayiya

Ngenxa yenani elincane mass, okuyinto izikhathi 1836 ezincane kuno-proton, kanye nekulinganisa icala negative, emisebeni beta has awakuthinti ku ketshezi, lapho izimpukane, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, ngendiza eside. Futhi, indlela kuyizinhlayiyana ayiqondile. Kule ndaba, Likhuluma amandla kaPawulu angena ajule, okuyinto kuncike amandla wathola.

Ikhono afinyelela ekujuleni izinhlayiya beta kusuka ezenzeka phakathi kwamazinyo yokuguga emoyeni ifinyelela 2.3 m uketshezi zibalwa ngamasentimitha futhi ukudla okuqinile - e kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile noma ingaba isentimitha nje. womuntu izicubu emisebeni wadlula 1.2 cm ukujula. Ukuvikela beta emisebeni ngokumelene singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela amanzi ungqimba elula 10 cm kuyizinhlayiyana ukusakaza ngesikhathi namandla ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu zokuwohloka at 10 MeV cishe yonke ugxile izingqimba ezifana: emoyeni - 4 m. aluminium - 2.2 cm; yensimbi - 7,55 mm; kuholele - 5.2 mm.

Ngenxa yobukhulu encane izinhlayiya beta emisebeni ye babe ongaphakeme amandla ionizing uma iqhathaniswa izinhlayiya-alpha. Nokho, lapho udle, zingabantu eziyingozi kakhulu ngaphezu ziyadaluleka zangaphandle.

The esiphezulu Ukungena amazinga phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo emisebeni Njengamanje i-neutron futhi gamma. Qalisa lezi radiations emoyeni ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela amashumi noma amakhulu amamitha, kodwa ngokuncane ionizing izinkomba.

Iningi gamma-ray amandla isotopes ingeqi ukubaluleka 1.3 MeV. Ngezikhathi ezithile safinyelela abakuzuzile 6.7 MeV. Kule ndaba, ukuze bazivikele ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni enjalo izingqimba esetshenziswa ensimbi, ukhonkolo kanye kuholele attenuation isilinganiso.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokuphindwe kayishumi ayibe gamma emisebeni ye kudinga phambili ukuzivikela ukushuba mayelana 5 cm, a attenuation 100-nesibaya edingekayo 9.5 cm Ukuvikelwa Ukhonkolo kube 33 no-55 cm, namanzi -. 70 futhi 115 cm.

Ionizing neutron izinombolo zincike amandla abo ukusebenza.

Kunoma isiphi isimo, indlela engcono kakhulu ekuvikeleni emisebeni iba distancing esiphezulu emthonjeni ngangokunokwenzeka futhi sakugcina yokuchitha isizungu endaweni high emisebeni.

Kwehlukanisa ama-athomu nuclei

Ngu sokuhlukanisa nuclei ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ehloselwe angesabi noma ngaphansi kwethonya neutrons division core nezingxenye ezimbili okungenani zilingana ngosayizi.

Lezi zingxenye ezimbili kukhona isotopes enemisebe izici kusukela ingxenye eyinhloko ithebula izakhi zamakhemikhali. Qala kusuka ethusi ukuze lanthanoids.

Phakathi ngokwahlukana iphula neutrons ezimbalwa futhi kukhona amandla ngokweqile ngesimo gamma ray, okuyinto kungaphezu ekonakaleni enemisebe. Ngakho, lapho esinye isenzakalo kwenzeka omunye enemisebe kwamazinyo gamma ray, futhi ngesikhathi isenzo kuhlukane livela 8,10 gamma Quanta. Futhi zafinyelela ngaphandle izingcezu abe namandla mkhulu kinetic idluliselwe ukusebenza ezishisayo.

I neutrons ezikhishwe labo abazokwazi ingqondo ukwehlukana ngazimbili fanekiso cores uma etholakala eduze futhi neutrons therein hit.

Kule ndaba kukhona amathuba ekhelini, chain reaction kuyashesha ukwehlukana nuclei atomic ukukhiqiza semali amandla.

Lapho ukusabela chain enjalo ilawulwa, ingasetshenziswa ngenhloso letsite. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufudumeza kagesi. izinqubo ezinjalo eyenziwa enuzi izitshalo amandla kulesi sikhungo.

Uma ulahlekelwa ukulawula ukusabela, ukuqhuma-athomu kuzokwenzekani. Thanda yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izikhali zenuzi.

kukhona eyodwa kuphela isici in vivo - uranium kokuba fissile eyodwa kuphela IKhompyuthaYami inani 235. Kuyinto isikhali.

Ngo ezejwayelekile yenuzi ophendulayo uranium kusukela nokwe-uranium-238 ngaphansi kwethonya ifomu neutron entsha IKhompyuthaYami No.239, futhi kuwo - plutonium, okuyinto yokufakelwa futhi akatholakalanga vivo. kwavela Kanjalo plutonium-239 isetshenziselwa izikhali. Le nqubo ye ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo luwumgogodla zonke izikhali zenuzi namandla.

Ezinjengokungcoliswa-alpha kwamazinyo ne-beta kwamazinyo, formula lokuyintfo lefundziswa ezikoleni, okuyizinto okwandile esikhathini sethu. Ngenxa nalezi zindlela zokusabela, kukhona enuzi izitshalo amandla, kanye nezinye ukukhiqizwa abaningi esekelwe wesayensi yenuzi. Kodwa ungakhohlwa mayelana radioactivity zabaningi balab 'izakhi. Uma usebenza nabo kudingeka ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile nokulandela yonke izinyathelo zokuphepha. Uma kungenjalo, kungaholela enhlekeleleni ungalungiseki.