Gamma kwamazinyo: ubunjalo izakhiwo emisebeni formula

Umuntu ngamunye kumelwe uzwile izinhlobo ezintathu emisebeni --alpha, beta-gamma. Bonke ziphakame inqubo ukuwohloka enemisebe kwendaba, futhi izici njengoba ezivamile futhi umehluko. Ingozi embi kunazo zonke ithwala uhlobo lokugcina yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Yini lokho?

Nature zokuwohloka enemisebe

Ukuze siqonde izakhiwo eningiliziwe gamma-kwamazinyo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ubunjalo ionizing emisebeni. Le ncazelo isho ukuthi emisebeni amandla yohlobo kakhulu - uma uthola kwenye athomu, ebizwa ngokuthi "target athomu", ke sidilize electron ukuhamba kanye umzila wokuzungeza kwalo. Uma le-athomu target kuba kahle icala ion (kungakho ngemisebe ionizing owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi). Ngu UV noma IR emisebeni libhekene amandla aphezulu.

Ngokuvamile, alpha-, beta- futhi gamma-onakala babe izakhiwo ezivamile. Omunye ungacabanga athomu njengomnikelo wokusanhlamvu elincane poppy. Khona-ke bubble electron orbit intando emzungezile. Lapho-alpha, beta-gamma kwamazinyo kusuka kule imbewu isuka kuyizinhlayiyana amancane. Kulokhu, icala zenuzi sishintsha, futhi kusho ukuthi kwamiswa element omusha zamakhemikhali. Speck eyenziwa ngesivinini giant futhi ubhoboza igobolondo electron kuyi-athomu ye target. Eselahle i-electron, ama-athomu ilitshe iba ion kahle icala. Nokho, lesi sici kumakhemikhali efanayo, ngoba umnyombo athomu target ayiguquki. Inqubo ionization sidalwe zamakhemikhali, cishe inqubo efanayo yenzeka nokuxhumana izinsimbi ethile oncibilikayo acid.

Kukuphi lapho kwenzekani γ-kwamazinyo?

Nokho, ionizing emisebeni kwenzeka hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi kwamazinyo enemisebe. Futhi kwenzeka ukuqhuma enuzi kanye Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. Ilanga nezinye izinkanyezi, futhi wenziwa Fusion hydrogen ibhomu ye nuclei ukukhanya ephelezelwa emisebeni ionizing. Imishini for-X-ray kanye nezinhlayiya accelerators , futhi, le nqubo kwenzeka. Impahla main, okuyizinto-alpha, i-beta, gamma kwamazinyo - yilona eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke ionization amandla.

Futhi umehluko phakathi izinhlobo ezintathu emisebeni zinqunywa yimvelo yabo. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kwatholakala ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Khona-ke kwakungekho muntu owayazi ukuthi lesi simo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezintathu emisebeni abizwa e zesiLatini. Gamma emisebeni latholakala 1910 usosayensi okuthiwa uHenry Gregg. Gamma ukubola imvelo efanayo kwelanga, infrared, amaza omsakazo. Ngokusho impahla yayo γ-ray Uyi emisebeni ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya, kodwa amandla equkethwe la izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu emisebeni nge wavelength kufushane kakhulu.

I izakhiwo gamma rays

Lokhu emisebeni Kulula kakhulu ukungena ngokusebenzisa noma iziphi izithiyo. Indaba ayazika umi endleleni yakhe, ngakho-ke kungcono uyephuza. Ngokuvamile le njongo ukusetshenziswa phambili noma izakhiwo zikakhonkolo. Emoyeni, γ-ray kalula unqobe eziningi noma ngisho nezinkulungwane zofakazi amamitha.

Gamma kwamazinyo kuyingozi kakhulu abantu. Lapho-ke kungalimala ukwenekwa isikhumba izitho zangaphakathi. emisebeni Beta ingafaniswa ngokudubula amachashazi ezincane, futhi gamma - ngokudubula izinaliti. Phakathi flash zenuzi, ngaphezu gamma emisebeni, kanye kumiswa neutron fluxes. Gamma imisebe hit Earth elinemisebe cosmic. Ngaphandle kwalezi, athwala uMhlaba, proton nezinye izinhlayiya.

Umthelela gamma rays ku eziphilayo

Uma siqhathanisa alpha-, beta- futhi gamma-onakala, lona wamuva kuyoba eliyingozi kakhulu eziphilayo. I velocity esiphelweni yalolu hlobo emisebeni ilingana ngejubane lokukhanya. Kuyinto ngenxa ijubane layo eliphezulu, uwe ngokushesha aba amangqamuzana ephilayo, okubangela ukubhujiswa kwazo. Kanjani?

Ngendlela γ-emisebeni ye eshiya semali ama-athomu ionized, nakho ionize athomu ye yinhlama entsha. Amangqamuzana abangu ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla gamma-emisebeni ye, baguqulelwa ku amazinga ehlukene isakhiwo. Waguqulwa, sebengaqala asizange sibe izicucu futhi ubuthi emzimbeni. Futhi isinyathelo yakamuva kakhulu Akukhona ukubukeka amaseli onesici, okungakwazi kahle imisebenzi yayo.

Kubantu, izitho ezahlukene babe ngamazinga ahlukene ukuzwela gamma emisebeni. Imiphumela zincike umthamo ionizing emisebeni. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba kungaba izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ngokomzimba, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo siyabhubha. Yibona abasengozini enkulu kukhona izitho hemopoietic, izindlala zamanzi, kokudla, kanye nesakhiwo DNA. Lokhu ukuchayeka kuyingozi ngoba abantu kanye neqiniso lokuthi emisebeni aqoqana emzimbeni. Futhi has a ukuchayeka isikhathi ezifihliwe.

Ifomula ye-gamma-kwamazinyo

Ukuze abale amandla wale misebe gamma, ungasebenzisa le ndlela elandelayo:

E = HV = HC / λ

Kulesi ifomula, h - Planck sika njalo, v - isivinini ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya amandla kagesi, c - Isivinini yokukhanya, λ - wavelength.