Ikhodi Binary. Izinhlobo futhi ubude ikhodi kanambambili. Ikhodi obuyela emuva kanambambili

Ikhodi Binary kuwuhlobo ukuqopha abezindaba ngesimo abathandekayo futhi amaqanda. Onjalo uhlelo kuhlaziywa isisekelo positional 2. Kuze kube manje, i-binary code (ithebula ethulwa kancane ngezansi iqukethe ezinye izibonelo ukuqopha izinombolo) asetshenziswa wonke amadivaysi digital. ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, kungenxa enokwethenjelwa futhi lula yaleli fomu entry. izibalo Binary silula, ngokulandelana, futhi kulula ukusebenza hardware. Digital electronic izingxenye (noma njengoba bebizwa - logic) zinokwethenjelwa kakhulu njengoba usebenza uthi ezimbili kuphela: iyunithi okunengqondo (ie lamanje), futhi bacabanga ngendlela oholayo (akukho lamanje). Ngakho, baqhathanisa kahle nge izingxenye analog, okuncike transients.

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ifomu kanambambili yokubhala?

Ake sibone kwakheka kanjani ukhiye esinjalo. Omunye idijithi ikhodi kanambambili elakhiwa uthi ezimbili kuphela: zero nokukodwa (0 no-1). Lapho usebenzisa i-izingcezu ezimbili sezivuma ukurekhoda amagugu ezine: 00, 01, 10, 11. Okufakiwe enamadijithi amathathu-iqukethe eziyisishiyagalombili uthi: 000, 001 ... 110, 111. Umphumela uba ukuthi ubude ikhodi kanambambili luncike inani esithweni. Le nkulumo ingase lubhalwe usebenzisa le ndlela elandelayo: N = 2m, lapho: m - inombolo izingcezu, futhi N - inani inhlanganisela.

Izinhlobo amakhodi kanambambili

I microprocessors kuziinlodlhelo kusetshenziselwe ukuqopha ezihlukahlukene ulwazi alunge. Bit ikhodi kanambambili kungenzeka kakhulu idlule umthamo we processor kanye inkumbulo layo langaphakathi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inombolo eside span amaningi inkumbulo amaseli bese licubunguliwe imiyalo ezimbalwa nje. Kulokhu, zonke izinhlaka inkumbulo ukuthi abelwe ngaphansi multi-Byte-binary code zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo inombolo eyodwa. Kuye ngezidingo lokhu noma lolo lwazi, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo okhiye:

• engabhalisiwe;
• oqondile tselyeznakovye amakhodi;
• reverse eyingqopha;
• uphawu ezengeziwe;
• Ikhodi Gray;
• Ikhodi-Express elimpunga.;
• amakhodi wamaqhuzu.

Ake sihlole kabanzi ngamunye wabo.

Ikhodi Okungasayiniwe kanambambili

Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini ifomu enjalo irekhodi. I engabhalisiwe inamba amakhodi kancane ngayinye (kanambambili) idijithi limelela degree ezimbili. Ngakho inani kulencane ukuthi kungenziwa ebhaliwe kuleli fomu, kungu-zero kanye esiphezulu kungenziwa emelelwa le ndlela elandelayo: M = 2 ⁿ -1. Lezi zinombolo ezimbili ukuchaza ngokuphelele uhla ukhiye, okuyinto ungaboniswa ikhodi kanambambili. Ake sibheke ukuthi kungenzeka wathi entry amafomu. Uma usebenzisa lolu hlobo ukhiye engabhalisiwe siqukethe izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili, uhla lwezinombolo kungenzeka isukela 0 kuya 255. ikhodi hexadecimal kuyodingeka ibanga kusuka 0 kuya 65535. I izilimi ayisishiyagalombili-bit for ukugcina futhi ukurekhoda lezi izinombolo usebenzisa imikhakha emibili inkumbulo ukuthi zitholakala addressees eduze . Sebenza nge esemqoka efana inikeza imiyalo ekhethekile.

Direct yonke uhlamvu amakhodi

Kuleli fomu izikhiye kanambambili MSB kusetshenziselwe ukuqopha number plate. Zero oluhambisana plus, futhi iyunithi - lokususa. Ngenxa yalokho kuleli zinga osenyameni izinombolo code sigudluke ohlangothini ezimbi. It kuvela ukuthi ingase ayisishiyagalombili-bit ngemvume inamba inombolo kanambambili ukhiye abhalwe basukela -127 kuya +127. Hexadecimal - in the uhla kusuka -32767 ukuze +32767. Microprocessor ayisishiyagalombili-bit ukugcina amakhodi enjalo zisebenzisa imikhakha emibili elandelanayo.

A Ububi lolu hlobo ukurekhoda ukuthi izingcezu ukhiye ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye ezinombolo kumele kusetshenzwe ngokwehlukile. Algorithms izinhlelo zokusebenza nalezi amakhodi ukuze uthole oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukushintsha ukukhethwa bese ungena ibhithi letifanele ekwetfuleni izindlela ukuthi imaski umlingisi, okuyinto enomthelela waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi usayizi software ukwehla nokwenza kwayo. Ukuze kuqedwe lokhu kusimo iye kwetfulwa uhlobo olusha ukhiye - ukuhlanekezela binary code.

Ngena inkinobho yokubuyela emuva

Le ndlela yokubhala lihlukile ikhodi ngqo kuphela ukuthi inombolo engenhle it is etholwe inverting zonke ibhithi ukhiye. Kulesi ibhithi digital futhi uphawu ayafana yini. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-algorithm umsebenzi nale hlobo ikhodi kuthiwa kakhulu lula. Nokho, ukhiye reverse kudinga algorithm esikhethekile siqaphela uphawu idijithi yokuqala, kubalwa inani eliphelele inombolo. A lokwakha uphawu ukubaluleka okuholela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-reverse namakhodi phambili Izinombolo ukuqopha izihluthulelo ezimbili ezisetshenziswa zero. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesi silinganiso akanayo uphawu emihle noma emibi.

Ungene izinombolo kanambambili eyengeziwe ikhodi

Lolu hlobo irekhodi ayikabhaliswa amaphutha keys okwedlule. amakhodi zivumela summation ngqo kokubili okungelula ukuziqonda. Ngakho-ke akuyona labetibambile kancane uphawu ukuhlaziywa. Konke lokhu kwaba Sibonga kungenzeka yokuthi izinombolo ezingeziwe engokwemvelo uphawu indandatho hhayi inhlangano yokufakelwa, ezifana izinkinobho phambili futhi emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi ukubala izengezo okwenza amakhodi kanambambili kulula kakhulu. Kuyinto ngokwanele ukuba ahoxise ukhiye add omunye. Uma usebenzisa lolu hlobo ikhodi yohlamvu ehlanganisa izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili, uhla lwezinombolo kungenzeka isukela -128 kuya +127. ukhiye hexadecimal kuyodingeka uhla -32768 ukuze +32767. I izilimi ayisishiyagalombili-bit ukugcina izinombolo enjalo futhi asebenzise imikhakha emibili elandelanayo.

Ikhodi Binary ezengeziwe umphumela ezithakazelisayo Ukwethwasa okuyinto mkhuba ubizwa ngokuthi isandiso uphawu. Ake sibone ukuthi kusho. Umthelela wukuthi enqubeni zokuguqula nenani elilodwa-Byte e kancane ezimbili-Byte ngamunye ibhayithi sezingeni eliphezulu amagugu sinikwe ngemvume ibhithi le ibhayithi ongaphakeme. It kuvela ukuthi yokugcina esayiniwe Inani lezinhlamvu ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ephezulu ukuze izingcezu. Lapho lesi silinganiso ukhiye engashintshwa ngokuphelele.

ikhodi Mpunga

Le ndlela yokubhala, kusala ukhiye sesinyathelo esisodwa. Okungukuthi, e-ushintsho kusukela eyodwa yenani kwenye siyashintsha eyodwa kuphela kancane kolwazi. Iphutha lapho ufunda idatha kuholela inguquko ukusuka esikhundleni eyodwa kuya kwenye nge isikhathi okuncane offset. Nokho, ukuthola imiphumela engalungile ngokuphelele lapho isikhundla emincane ekhona ohlelweni siqedwa ngokuphelele. Buhle le khodi yikhono layo lokulingisa ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, inverting le ephezulu ukuze izingcezu, ungavele ushintshe isiqondiso reference. Lokhu kungenxa ukulawula uvo umphelelisi. Lapho kungenzeka lesi silinganiso ngokukhishwa onqenqemeni ekuphumeni yaziphonsa phansi omunye-eksisi ngokomzimba ujikeleza. Njengoba ulwazi ezilotshwe ukhiye Mpunga is kuphela code uhlamvu, okuyinto ongathwali langempela idatha zezinombolo, ngaphambi kunomunye futhi umsebenzi odingekayo ukuze yiguqulele ngaphambilini ibe notation abavamile kanambambili. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-transducer ekhethekile - isiqophi semithombo Gray Binar. Le divayisi baqaphela kalula ku aphansi logic izakhi kokubili hardware ne-software.

Mpunga ikhodi-Express

Mpunga Standard sesinyathelo esisodwa esiyinhloko amakhambi ethulwa ngesimo izinombolo, ophakanyiswe emandleni amabili. Ezimweni lapho kuyadingeka ukuze kuqaliswe ukusebenza kwezinye izixazululo, ifomu enjalo yerekhodi cut futhi usebenzise kuphela ingxenye maphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukhiye sesinyathelo esisodwa lilondolozwe. Nokho, kule ikhodi kwamanani ububanzi isiqalo akuyona zero. It usekhuluma kunani elicacisiwe. Phakathi idatha ukucutshungulwa-pulse eyenziwe oqothulayo kwesigamu umehluko phakathi isinqumo sokuqala futhi yehlise.

Ukulethwa inombolo fraction kanambambili fixed-Iphuzu eliyinhloko

Phakathi nalokho kubingelelana, kufanele usebenze hhayi kuphela izinombolo eziphelele kodwa futhi ayingxenye. izinombolo ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza irekhodwe ngalokuhlelekile oqondile, ephambene namakhodi ezengeziwe. ukwakhiwa eshiwo isimiso ukhiye kuyafana ukuthi we lonke. Kuze kube manje besicabanga ukuthi iphuzu kanambambili kumele kube kwesokudla LSB. Kodwa lokhu akulona icala. It kungenziwa akhiwe ngakwesokunxele kanye kancane eziphawuleka kakhulu (kulesi simo, variable singatlolwa bunjesi izinombolo wamaqhuzu kuphela), kanye variable maphakathi (amanani axubile bangase alotshwe).

Ukumelwa kanambambili Floating-iphuzu

Leli fomu kusetshenziselwe ukuqopha izinombolo ezinkulu, noma okuphambene nalokho - lincane kakhulu. Njengoba isibonelo, amabanga noma osayizi ama-athomu interstellar futhi ama-electron. Ngo ukubala kwalaba amagugu kwakuyodingeka bakusebenzise ikhodi kanambambili nge osenyameni esikhulu kakhulu. Nokho, akudingeki ukuba acabangele ibanga cosmic kuya milimitha eliseduze. Ngakho-ke, indlela egxilile-iphuzu kulokhu ukungasebenzi kahle. Ukuze sibonise amakhodi enjalo esetshenziswa ifomu Aljibhra. Okungukuthi, isibalo kulotshiwe njengoba mantissa iphindwe eziyishumi ukuze amandla ukubonisa inombolo oda oyifunayo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi akufanele kube ngaphezu le mantissa kweyodwa, futhi emva iphuzu zamadesimali akufanele ebhaliwe zero.

kumnandzi

Kukholakala ukuthi calculus kanambambili yasungulwa ngasekuqaleni ngekhulu le-18 sezibalo Gottfried Leibniz eJalimane. Nokho, njengoba ososayensi baye esisanda kutholakala, esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lokhu abomdabu yalesi siqhingi zasePolynesia of Mangareva ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo izibalo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ikoloni cishe ngokuphelele abhubhise isimiso sokuqala izinombolo, abacwaningi owabuyisela kanambambili eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlobo idesimali yama-akhawunti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi engqondweni yethu Nunez uthi kanambambili ikhodi esephepheni lalisetshenziswa China lasendulo Kudala wangekhulu lesi-9 BC. e. Okunye yamandulo ezifana amaMaya futhi wasebenzisa eziyinkimbinkimbi inhlanganisela idesimali futhi izinhlelo kanambambili ngomkhondo Slots isikhathi izenzakalo yezinkanyezi.