Accounting system. Ithebula ukubala izinhlelo. Base: Informatics

Abantu musa nje wafunda ukubala. umphakathi lwasekuqaleni wawuqondiswa inombolo elincane lezikhonzi - elilodwa noma amabili. Konke kwaba ngaphezulu ngokwakhona igama "kakhulu." Kuthathwa ekuqaleni yesimanje accounting system.

Mfushane Umlando

Ngo inqubo impucuko, abantu kuye kwaqala ukuvela isidingo ukwabelana iqoqo elincane lezinto, behlanganiswe izici ezivamile. Waqala kuphakama nemiqondo ephathelene: "ezintathu", "ezine" nokunye kuze kube 'eziyisikhombisa ". Nokho, kwaba avaliwe, uchungechunge elinganiselwe, umqondo yokugcina lelo eliqhubekayo ncazelo phambilini "kakhulu." Isibonelo esimangalisayo lokhu temdzabu, behlele kithi njengoba injalo yasekuqaleni (isibonelo, ethi: "Kala kabili - usike kanye").

Ukuvela izindlela eyinkimbinkimbi-akhawunti

Nge zokuphila nakuzo zonke izinqubo yizenzo zabantu ziba yinkimbinkimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwaholela yena, ukuvela uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi sibalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu baye basebenzisa ukuzwakala yokukhuluma elula amarisidi ithuluzi. Bawathole emhlabeni: bahlehla induku ezindongeni emhumeni ne izindlela ngokurhaba, ukwenza notch, zibekwe inombolo yabo ezithakazelisayo sezinsaba amatshe - lezi ezinye nje uhlu encane ukwehluka ke ekhona. Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlobo izazi zanamuhla aye abelwa igama elehlukile "uhlelo unary sibalo." essence yayo liqukethe ukuqopha usebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa kwezinhlamvu. Namuhla ohlelweni elula kunazo elikuvumela ukuba zibukeke qhathanisa inani lezinto nezinhlamvu. I kabanzi kunazo ethola ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi (izinti ngokubala). Legacy "Kameshkovo akhawunti" ungacabanga ngokuphepha ukuthi imishini yesimanje e ukulungiswa zabo ezihlukahlukene. ukubukeka abathandwayo nezanamuhla amagama "ukulinganisela", ogama izimpande zivela calculus Latin, alikwazi ukuhumusheka kuphela ngokuthi "itshe".

Score phezu iminwe

Lapho ebhekene silulumagama okuncane kakhulu bakudala indoda ukuthinta uvame ukukhonza njengephayona umphelelisi kubalulekile ulwazi ngocansi. Buhle iminwe abekade jikelele yabo futhi njalo tfola intfo ukuthi ungathanda ukuba idlulisele ukwaziswa. Nokho, zikhona nemiphumela ethile engathandeki abalulekile: ukulinganiselwa abalulekile futhi phakathi naleso sikhashana esifushane ukudluliswa. Ngakho-ke, yonke izindleko kwabantu wasebenzisa "umunwe indlela" izinombolo elinganiselwe ukuthi kukhona ngeembuyabuyelelo lemino 5 - oluhambisana inani tingalo esandleni sinye; 10 - izandla zombili; 20 - Inombolo ephelele ezingalweni kanye nasemilenzeni. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kuqhathaniswa kancane reserve zezinombolo lesi simiso sesiqhubeke isikhathi isikhathi eside ngokwanele isikhathi.

Eyokuqala ngcono

Nge ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo sibalo kanye ukunwetshwa amathuba kanye nezidingo lwesintu wasebenzisa inombolo enkulu e Emasikweni ezizweni eziningi 40. Ngezansi liphinde waqonda unomphela (ukungayeki akhawunti) inombolo. ERussia, inkulumo okwandile "izikhathi ezingamashumi amane." incazelo yakhe waba kungagcini inombolo yezinto ezingeke ibalwa. Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka - Akukhona ukubukeka inombolo 100 wabe eseqala division zibe inqwaba. Ngemva kwalokho baqala ukuvela inombolo 1000 10 000 nokunye, ngalinye elikwazi eyenziwa lisho okufanayo le eziyisikhombisa amane. Ezweni lanamuhla ekugcineni imingcele kungukuthi echaziwe. Namuhla esethula umqondo jikelele "infinity".

Integers bese kukhishwa nezingxenyana

Modern accounting system for lemali kunabo izifundo ukuthatha unit. Ezimweni eziningi kuba value indivisible. Nokho, a silinganiso esinembile, futhi kuyinto othulini. Ixhumeke nge lalibukeka esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukisa imiqondo izinombolo wamaqhuzu. Ngokwesibonelo, Babel simiso imali (ibhalansi) kwaba 60 imiz, owawungumnyaka 1 Talanov. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, 1 okwami zazilingana amashekeli 60. Kuyinto ngesisekelo sezibalo saseBabiloni kabanzi isicelo sexagesimal kwasani. Kabanzi eRussia shot beza kithi kusukela amaGreki asendulo futhi amaNdiya. Kulokhu, amarekhodi ngokwabo ncamashí Indian. Umehluko okuncane kuyinto engekho unhlangothi yokugcina. AmaGreki ebekiwe kusukela ngaphezu numerator kanye Iningi ngezansi. Indian isipelingi amafraktjhini wathola ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu e-Asia naseYurophu sibonga ososayensi ababili: Mohammed Khorezm futhi uLeonardo Fibonacci. Roman ukubala uhlelo babelingana amayunithi 12 okuthiwa ama-awunsi, ukuze wonke (1 Ass), ngokulandelana, kuzo zonke izibalo zazisekelwe duodecimal ingxenyenamba. Kanye ejwayelekile ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa nokuhlukanisa ekhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, izazi zezinkanyezi ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII, wasebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi sexagesimal amafraktjhini, eyayibonakala kamuva lwaludlula ngu idesimali (waqamba Simon Stevin - usosayensi futhi engineer). kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi ekwandeni okuphawulekayo yochungechunge inombolo Ngenxa intuthuko eyengeziwe lesintu. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-negative, engenangqondo kanye eqela. Ajwayelekile kubo bonke zero kuyinto esanda kuqalwa. Waqala lisetshenziswe ukwethulwa uhlelo lesimanje kubalwa izinombolo engemihle.

Ukusebenzisa zamagama nepozitsionnyh

Kuyini zamagama? Ngenxa yalesi sibalo uhlelo isici ayishintshi ukubaluleka izinombolo kusukela ukubekwa yabo. Nepozitsionnyh zamagama zivame khona inombolo engenamkhawulo izinto. Ngokuya izinhlelo esakhiwe ngesisekelo lolu hlobo zamagama, esekelwe isimiso additivity. Ngamanye amazwi, inani inombolo isamba sazo zonke izinombolo okubandakanya ukuqoshwa. izinhlelo Izehlo nepozitsionnyh iphutha isikhundla ngaphambili. Kuye indlela ngokubala inani inombolo kuchazwa njengoba umehluko noma isamba sazo zonke izinombolo ezakha inombolo.

Kukhona nemibi izinhlelo ezinjalo. kufanele zabelwe phakathi kwamasonto ayinhloko:

• isingeniso izinombolo ezintsha kwetinhlavu inani elikhulu;
• ukungakwazi ezibonisa izinombolo engemihle futhi ayingxenye;
• nobunzima ekwenzeni izibalo imisebenzi.

izinhlelo ezahlukene ukubala asetshenziswa emlandweni wesintu. I aziwayo kakhulu: Greek, Roman, alfabhethi, unary, lwaseGibhithe lasendulo, eBhabhiloni.

Enye yezindlela ezivamile-akhawunti

zesi-Roman, walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku cishe azizange zishintshe, ingenye edume kunazo zonke. Ngosizo izinsuku zakhe ezahlukene ekhethiwe, nemigubho kanye. ibuye kabanzi izincwadi zezinkondlo, isayensi kanye nakwezinye izici zokuphila. Uhlelo Roman sibalo esetshenziswa izincwadi eziyisikhombisa kuphela zamagama Latin, ngamunye okuhambelana inombolo ethile: Mina = 1; V = 5; X = 10; L = 50; = 100 C; D = 500; M = 1000.

ukuvela

Umsuka zesi-Roman Akucaci, indaba ayigcini idatha olunembile kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo. Lapho leli qiniso akunakuphikwa: nomthelela obalulekile LamaRoma izinombolo simiso ukubala waba izinombolo kahlanu. Nokho, e-Latin akukho ngako. Kulesi sisekelo, umbono ocatshangelwayo mayelana zokweboleka amaRoma wesistimu yabo yasendulo nakwezinye abantu (mhlawumbe, kusukela Etruscans).

Izici

Record zonke integers (5000) wenziwa ngokuphinda izinombolo ngenhla echazwe. Isici esiyinhloko kuba indawo izimpawu:

• Ukwengezwa kwenzeka nge amalunga ngaphezulu imele phambi aphansi (XI = 11);
• ukukhupha Kwenzakalani uma sibalo ezincane ibhekene ngaphezulu (IX = 9);
• uphawu efanayo kungase kungabi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ilandelana (isib MS 90 kulotshwe esikhundleni LXXXX).

Ububi kuba ngokuphazamisa kokwenza izibalo imisebenzi. Kulokhu, sathatha Adalberto isikhathi eside okwamiswa ngalo ukuba lisetshenziswe Europe njengoba eziyisisekelo ukubala uhlelo esanda kutholakala - ku 16 ekhulwini th.

Uhlelo Roman sibalo akubhekwa ngokuphelele nonpositional. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwezinye izimo, ukususa kwenzeka ngesikhathi nasenanini elikhulu (isib IX = 9).

Indlela yama-akhawunti eGibhithe lasendulo

Enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC ubhekwa okwamanje nesenzakalo wesistimu sibalo eGibhithe lasendulo. essence yayo esakhiwa ngo ekhethekile ukurekhoda izimpawu izinombolo 1, 10, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107. Zonke ezinye izinombolo embhalweni inhlanganisela original izimpawu idatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakunabanye ababaleki ukulinganiselwa - figure ngasinye kufanele ziphindwe akukho kuka izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngesisekelo le ndlela ka nokubala, izazi zanamuhla ukubiza "nepozitsionnyh idesimali simiso ukubala", kuyinto Isimiso esilula. nencazelo yalo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi izinombolo esibhaliwe lilingana Inani lawo wonke amadijithi zazo yakhiwa.

indlela Unary ka nokubala

Base lapho ngohlamvu olulodwa isetshenziselwa ukuqoshwa izinombolo - I - ngokuthi unary. inombolo ngayinye okwalandela etholwe ngokungeza kuya I. entsha odlule Isibalo mina zilingane nenani eqoshiwe ngazo.

Octal Number System

Lokhu indlela ukubala isikhundla, okuyinto amanga ngasesinqeni se inombolo 8. Ukuze uthole isibonisi digital izinombolo isukela 0 kuya 7. Isicelo ububanzi kwalesi simiso kuye kwaba kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa amadivayisi obuchwepheshe. Inzuzo yayo eyinhloko yokuhumusha lula izinombolo. Abakwazi iguqulwe ibe ohlelweni kanambambili , noHezekeli. Lezi manipulations yenziwa esikhundleni izinombolo. Kusukela uhlelo octal aguqulwa ku ezintathu kanambambili (isib 28 = 0102, 68 = 1102). Lokhu akhawunti indlela kwakusakazwa emkhakheni computer futhi ukukhiqiza.

ukubala hexadecimal

Okusanda emkhakheni wama-computer, le ndlela-akhawunti e esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Kulesi simiso base impande - 16 Base, phezu kwalo based, ukusebenzisa izinombolo kusukela 0 kuya 9 futhi inani izinhlamvu zamagama (A kuya F), ezisetshenziswa libhekisela isikhawu kusuka 1010 kuya 1510. Le ndlela ngokubala njengoba sekushiwo, isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni software futhi imibhalo ehlobene kumakhompyutha bese izingxenye zazo. Isekelwe izakhiwo ikhompyutha yesimanje, iyunithi eyisisekelo okuyinto kuyinto inkumbulo-8-bit. Kuyinto elula ukuguqula nokuqopha ngamadijithi amabili hexadecimal. Umsunguli le nqubo kwaba IBM / 360 ohlelweni. Amaphepha ngoba sayo saqale sahunyushwa ngokuthi ngale ndlela. Unicode ejwayelekile sihlinzekela ukungena yimuphi uhlamvu ngefomu-hexadecimal usebenzisa amadijithi okungenani 4.

ukuqoshwa Izindlela

Le mfundiso eyasungulwa ethi nezibalo indlela kusekelwe akhawunti ucacise ke ohlwini lwezikhombo aphansi ohlelweni ledesimali. Isibonelo, isibalo 1444 kulotshiwe izilimi 144410. izinhlelo zokubhala i-hexadecimal izinhlelo njengoba babe syntaxes ezahlukene:

• e C no-Java izilimi zisebenzisa isiqalo "0x";
• Indinganiso elandelayo sisetshenziswa Ada VHDL - "1516 # 5A3 #";
• assemblers ezihilela ukusetshenziswa uhlamvu "h", okuyinto ibekwa ngemva inombolo ( "6A2h") noma isiqalo "$", okuyinto ejwayelekile ye-AT & T, Motorola, Pascal ( "$ 6B2");
• Uphinde wathola entry uhlobo "# 6A2", inhlanganisela "& h", okuyinto ibekwe phambi inombolo ( "& h5A3") kanye nabanye.

isiphetho

Njengoba sitadisha ngesimiso somzimba sibalo? Computing - isiyalo eziyisisekelo ngaphakathi okuyinto ekuqongeleleni idatha, inqubo yokubhalisa yabo ngesimo esilungele umthengi. With ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile okwenzeka design futhi ukuhunyushwa lonke ulwazi olutholakala ku ulimi lokwakha izinhlelo. Kamuva lo mlisa lisetjentiswe ekwakheni software kanye nezincwadi computer. Ngokufunda uhlelo ezahlukene ukubala, computer science kuhilela ukusetshenziswa, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amathuluzi ezahlukene. Abaningi babo neqhaza ukuqaliswa ukudluliswa okusheshayo izinombolo. Enye yalezi "amathuluzi" Ithebula izinhlelo ukubala. Yisebenzise ngempela kahle. Ukusebenzisa lezi amatafula kungaba, isibonelo, ngokushesha uthumele kusukela inombolo ye-hexadecimal ukuze kanambambili, ngaphandle ube nolwazi oluthile lwesayensi. Namuhla, ithuba ukwenza ukuguqulwa digital babe cishe wonke umuntu nentshisekelo kulo muntu, ngoba amathuluzi adingekayo ayatholakala kubasebenzisi imithombo yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinhlelo translation inthanethi. Lokhu lula kakhulu umsebenzi izinombolo ukuguqulela futhi kunciphisa imisebenzi.