ISIBONELO nonpolar covalent isibopho. Covalent isibopho elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nonpolar

A indima enkulu chemical ezingeni yenhlangano yomhlaba ifeza indlela izinhlayiya zokuxhumana olwakhiwe, phakathi compounds. Inombolo enkulukazi izinto ezilula, okungukuthi nonmetals kukhona nonpolar covalent isixhumanisi uhlobo, ngaphandle amagesi inert. Izinsimbi ngefomu okumsulwa babe ikakhulukazi zokuxhumana indlela ukuthi ezalethwa komphakathi wama-elektroni khulula e eheleni crystal.

Zonke izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi (ngaphandle ezinye organic) kukhona polar covalent chemical izibopho. Izinhlobo futhi izibonelo zalezi compounds zichaziwe ngezansi. Okwamanje, ukwazi izimfanelo athomu kuthinta nokwehlukana zokuxhumana.

electronegativity

Atoms, ikakhulukazi enkabeni yalo (okuyinto, njengoba sazi, are kahle icala), unekhono ukuheha nokugcina kwabantu electron, ikakhulukazi, ukwakhiwa izibopho zamakhemikhali. Le mpahla wabizwa ngokuthi electronegativity. I Periodic Table inani layo likhula nezikhathi kanye izakhi eziyinhloko we subgroups. Electronegativity yenani akulona njalo njalo futhi ziyahlukahluka, isibonelo, ukushintsha uhlobo hybridization, okuyinto ufaka orbitals athomu.

izibopho Chemical, izinhlobo nezibonelo zazo ezibalwe ngezansi, ikakhulukazi, kwasendaweni noma ukufuduka olungaphelele laba oxhumana nabo ukuba omunye wabahlanganyeli ngibopha alichaza isici electronegative yesici esithile. Lokufuduka kuvela athomu, okuyinto enamandla.

Nonpolar covalent isibopho

"Umthetho ofingqiwe" ukuxhumana nonpolar covalent elula - ama-athomu amabili uhlobo olufanayo ehlangana ndawonye pair of electron Valence yabo amagobolondo. pair okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi i-ihlukaniswe ngoba ingeyesizinda zombili izinhlangothi ngokulinganayo esibophezelayo. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa komphakathi electron ukuminyana ngesimo pair of electron, ama-athomu ukuhambisa esimweni esitebeleni, njengoba ephelele yangaphandle electron ezingeni zabo, "OCTET" (noma "doublet" endabeni into elula hydrogen H _2, uyena kuphela s-esemkhathini, ngoba kokuphothulwa okudingeka electron amabili) - esimweni ezingeni zangaphandle, lapho wonke ama-athomu, njengoba uhambelana ngokugcwalisa isimo nge amandla okungenani.

Isibonelo-non-polar covalent sibopho ku inorganics futhi, ongaziwa kungase kuzwakale, kodwa futhi kwamakhemikhali organic, futhi. Lolu hlobo uxhumano kuvamile kubo bonke izinto ezilula - ngaphandle amagesi yizicukuthwane non-izinsimbi, njengoba Valence izinga igesi athomu inert futhi useqede OCTET ka-electron, ngakho nge efanayo ngibopha ngokwayo alinaso lukhulu kuye, ngisho ngaphansi bazisa evumayo. Esikhathini non-polarity udaba eziphilayo ezitholakala kwezinye isakhiwo esithile engqamuzaneni kanye kunemibandela.

Covalent isibopho polar

ISIBONELO covalent nonpolar isibopho akulinganiselwe molecule ambalwa into elula, kuyilapho compounds of dipoles lapho inhlanganiso electron kancane kugudlukela ngasengxenyeni isici electronegative ngaphezulu, - i Iningi liphendule. Noma yimuphi inhlanganisela zama-athomu nge ezahlukene electronegativity ukubaluleka unika isibopho polar. Ikakhulukazi, ngenxa udaba eziphilayo - a polar covalent isibopho. Ngezinye izikhathi ionic oxides wezinto ezingaphili futhi polar, nosawoti of acid kanye kunenze nisondelane ionic evelele hlobo.

Njengoba i icala okwedlulele we esibophezelayo polar abaye baphathwe ngayo kanye ionic uhlobo compounds. Uma electronegativity ka esinye sezici siphezulu kunamanye, i-pair ama-electron is udlulele ngokuphelele kusukela zokuxhumana isikhungo nalokho. Ngakho kukhona ukwahlukana phakathi ion. Noma ubani ucosha pair electron, is iguqulwe ibe anion elwamukela futhi icala ongathandeki, futhi bokushonelwa electron - uguqulwe seka futhi uba nombono oqondile.

Izibonelo izinto wezinto nge covalent isibopho uhlobo non-polar

Izinto nge apolar covalent isibopho - okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, yonke kanambambili igesi molecule: hydrogen (H - H), umoya-mpilo (= O), i-nitrogen (e-molecule ayo 2 ama-athomu exhumene isibopho kathathu (N ≡ N)); uketshezi futhi izinto eziqinile: chlorine (Cl - Cl), fluoro (F - F), bromo (Br - Br), i-iodine (Mina -). Futhi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa zama-athomu ezakhi ezahlukene, kodwa anenani elifanayo langempela electronegativity, isibonelo, i-phosphorus hydride - PH _3.

Organic futhi okungezona polar ngibopha

Sekucace bhá ukuthi zonke izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umbuzo uwukuthi, lapho kungenzeka kanjani ukuba isibopho nonpolar e kuyindaba enzima? Impendulo ulula, uma ukucabanga kancane okunengqondo. Uma amanani electronegativity ezihlobene izakhi ziyahluka kancane futhi ungawakhi isikhashana dipole e enkompolo, ukuxhumana kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha non-polar. Lona isimo nge-carbon ne-hydrogen: zonke C - H izibopho endabeni organic abhekwa non-polar.

ISIBONELO nonpolar covalent isibopho - methane molecule elula kwakwakhe organic. Siqukethe eyodwa carbon athomu, ngokomlando Valence yayo, zixhunywe izibopho olulodwa ukuze ama-athomu amane hydrogen. Eqinisweni, i-molecule ye akuyona dipole, kusukela akukho kwasendaweni icala okuthile futhi ngezithukuthuku isakhiwo tetrahedral. I kwabantu electron kwasakazwa ngokulinganayo.

Isibonelo-non-polar covalent sibopho e zezakhi ezingaphezu eziyinkimbinkimbi organic. Kuyazeka ngezithukuthuku imiphumela mesomeric, okungukuthi, uhambisane silingo electron kwabantu, okuyinto ngokushesha luqede i-carbon chain. Ngakho, ngo-engqamuzaneni hexachloroethane isibopho C - C nonpolar ngenxa edonsa iyunifomu electron kwabantu abayisithupha ama-athomu chlorine.

Ezinye izinhlobo izibopho

Ngaphezu isibopho covalent, ngenhlanhla, kungaba kwenziwe ngalo mshini donor-acceptor, kukhona ionic, metallic ne-hydrogen izibopho. izici omfushane penultimate ezimbili ethulwa ngenhla.

Hydrogen isibopho - iyona electrostatic nokuxhumana aphakathi, okungase kwenzeke uma kukhona i-athomu e-molecule kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye ka-hydrogen kokuba lisuswe ukwabiwa electron ngazimbili. Lolu hlobo kunenze nisondelane mancane kakhulu kunabanye, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi imfuyo kwalezi zibopho zingase zimiswe kakhulu, kunomthelela kakhulu kuya izakhiwo egcekeni.