Isifinyezo: "I-Kolyma Stories" (V. Shalamov)

Cabangela ukuqoqwa kweShalamov, lapho asebenza khona kusukela ngo-1954 kuya ku-1962. Sichaza okuqukethwe okufushane. "I-Kolyma Stories" iqoqo lezindaba ezithi izindaba zabo zichaza impilo yekamu kanye nejele etilongweni zaseGulag, izinhloso zabo ezimbi, ezifana nomunye, lapho icala lilawula khona. Umlobi ugxila ekulaleni nasezinhlanzweni, ngokufa okukhulu nokuphulukisa, ukukhathala, ukwehla kokuziphatha nokulimala. Mayelana nezinkinga eziphakanyiswe ngu-Shalamov, uzofunda kabanzi ngokufunda isifinyeto. "I-Kolyma Stories" iyinhlangano eqondisisa lokho umlobi abhekana nakho eminyakeni engu-17, awachitha ejele (1929-1931) noKolyma (kusukela ngo-1937 kuya ku-1951). Isithombe somlobi senziwa ngezansi.

I-Tombstone

Umlobi ukhumbula abangane bakhe abavela emakamu. Ngeke sibhale amagama abo, njengoba sihlanganisa isifingqo. "Izindaba ze-Kolyma" - iqoqo lapho ubuciko nobunikazi bombhalo obudlula khona. Nokho, bonke ababulali banikwa isibongo sangempela ezindabeni.

Ukuqhubeka nokulandisa, umlobi uchaza ukuthi iziboshwa zafa kanjani, yiziphi izinhlungu ababhekana nazo, zikhuluma ngamathemba nokuziphatha kwabo "e-Auschwitz ngaphandle kwamafomu", njengoba uShalamov ebiza amakamu eKolyma. Abambalwa kuphela abaphethwe ukusinda, kodwa ukuze basinde futhi bangabhidli ukuziphatha - kumayunithi.

"Ukuphila kweNjiniya Kipreev"

Ake sihlale ezindabeni ezilandelanayo, esingazange sichaze, senze isifinyezo esifushane. "I-Kolyma Stories" iqoqo lapho umlobi, ongazange athengise noma athengise noma ubani, uthi yena ngokwakhe wenza uhlelo lokuvikela ukuhlala kwakhe. Kungukuthi umuntu angama, uma ekulungele noma nini ukufa, angazibulala. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uyaqaphela ukuthi uzakhele indawo yokuhlala ekhululekile kuphela, ngoba aziwa ukuthi uzoba kanjani ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzoba namandla okwakhiwa kwengqondo kuphela, kodwa namandla angokwenyama.

U-Kipreev, onjiniyela we-physicist, obanjwe ngo-1938, akazange akwazi ukumelana nokuphenywa nokushaywa, kodwa waze wahlasela umphenyi, ngenxa yokuthi wabekwa esitokisini sokujeziswa. Kodwa namanje uzama ukumnikeza ukunikeza ubufakazi bamanga, esongela ukubopha umkakhe. I-Kipreev nokho iqhubeka nokufakazela wonke umuntu ukuthi ayiyinceku, njengeziboshwa zonke, kodwa indoda. Ngenxa yamathalenta (abeka amadivaysi e-X-ray aphukile , athola indlela yokulungisa ama-bulb), leli gama likwazi ukugwema imisebenzi enzima kakhulu, kodwa hhayi njalo. Kuyisimangaliso kuphela esihlala esaphila, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kokuziphatha akumvumeli ukuba ahambe.

"Esikhathini sesethulo"

U-Shalamov, obhala "i-Kolyma Stories", okuqukethwe kwakhe okufutshane esikuthandayo, kubonisa ukuthi ukungcola kwekamu kuyathinteka ngokulingana konke. Yenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Sizochaza ngamagama ambalwa umsebenzi owodwa kusuka eqoqweni "Izindaba ze-Kolyma" - "Esikhathini sesethulo." Isishwankathelo secebo lakhe kanje.

Amasela amabili adlala amakhadi. Omunye ulahlekelwa futhi ucele isikweletu. Ehlaselwa isikhathi esithile, uyala umqondo ongenalindelekile oboshiwe owaba phakathi kwababukeli, ukunikeza i-sweater. Uyenqaba. "Uphelisa" elinye lamasela, futhi i sweatshi iyanqamuka noma kunjalo.

"Ebusuku"

Siphendukela ekuchazeni komunye umsebenzi kusuka eqoqweni elithi "Kolyma Stories" - "The Night". Isifinyezo esifushane salokho, ngokubheka kwethu, kuzoba nesithakazelo kumfundi.

Iziboshwa ezimbili zithuthele ethuneni. Lapha umzimba womhlobo wabo wangcwatshwa ekuseni. Basusa ilineni kumuntu oshonile ukuze alishintshe kusasa kugwayi noma isinkwa noma ukuthengisa. Ukungafuni ukugqoka izingubo zomuntu oshonile kufakwe umqondo wokuthi, mhlawumbe, bazokwazi ukubhema kusasa noma badle kancane kancane.

Imisebenzi eminingi eqoqweni "Izindaba ze-Kolyma." "Ababazi", isifinyeto esifushane esasishiyile, silandela indaba ethi "Ubusuku". Sikumema ukuthi uzijwayele. Umkhiqizo omncane ngokwevolumu. Ifomethi yendaba eyodwa, ngeshwa, ayivumeli ukuchaza zonke izindaba. Futhi impela umsebenzi omncane kusuka eqoqweni elithi "Kolyma Stories" - "Ama-Berries". Isishwankathelo esifushane salokhu okuyinhloko futhi esithakazelisayo kakhulu, ngokubona kwethu, izindaba zichazwe kulesi sihloko.

"Isilinganiso esisodwa"

Ukunqunywa ngumlobi njengento yesigqila kungenye indlela yenkohlakalo. Isiboshwa, esikhonywe nguye, asikwazi ukusebenza ngendlela evamile, umsebenzi uhlushwa futhi uholela ekubulaweni okuncane. I-Dugayev, i-zek, iyancipha ngokweqile ngosuku lokusebenza lwamahora angu-16. Uthululela, kylit, uthwala. Kusihlwa umhloli uphawula lokho akwenzile. Isibalo sama-25%, esibizwa ngokuthi umnakekeli, sibonakala sikhulu kakhulu iDugaev. Amahlombe akhe, izandla, ikhanda azinabuhlungu, futhi amathole akhe aphumula. Isiboshwa asizwa ngisho nokulamba. Kamuva ubizelwa kumphenyi. Ubuza: "Igama, isibongo, isikhathi, isihloko." Amasosha nsuku zonke ahola isiboshwa endaweni eyisithulu, azungezwe ucingo olubhekene nocingo olubanjwe. Ebusuku, umsindo we-tractors uvela lapha. UDugayev ukuqagela ukuthi kungani eze lapha, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi impilo iphelile. Uzisola kuphela ngokuthi wahlupheka ngosuku olungadingekile.

"Imvula"

Ungakhuluma isikhathi eside kakhulu ngeqoqo elinjalo, njenge "Izindaba ze-Kolyma." Isifinyeto sezahluko zemisebenzi sibonisa kuphela. Siyakunaka indaba elandelayo - "Imvula".

Ake sijwayelane nokuphila kwekamu kwezisebenzi ezisebenza emgodini weRovsvsky, iqhawe elidala i-Shalamov ("i-Kolyma Stories"). Isifinyeto somsebenzi "Imvula" eyinikezelwe kuye kanje. Naphezu kwesenzo esasongela umlindi, uRovsvsky ubiza umuntu oxoxa naye osebenza eduze ukuze abelane naye ngesambulo sakhe. URozovsky waqonda ukuthi ayikho injongo ekuphileni. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba yena, obhekene nokulahlekelwa yilokho konke okusemandleni akhe, uyakwazi ukuqhuma emaphoyiseni, umlandeli ugijimela kuye futhi amkhulule esenzweni esiyingozi futhi esingenasici, etshela ukuthunyelwa kukaRovsvsky. Emva kwalokho umboshwa uzama ukuzibulala ngokuziphonsa ngaphansi kwe-trolley. Emva kwecala, uthunyelwa kwenye indawo ukuyosebenza.

"USherry Brandy"

Isiboshwa-imbongi, owayebhekwa njengombongi wokuqala wekhulu lama-20 ezweni lethu, uyafa. Ulele embhedeni wendiza, ekujuleni komugqa wabo ophansi. Umbongi ufa isikhathi eside. Ngezinye izikhathi insipho ifika kuye, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi othile uthathe isinkwa esivela kuye, okuyinto imbongi eyayibeka ngaphansi kwekhanda lakhe. Ukulungele ukufuna, ukulwa, ukufunga ... Noma kunjalo, amandla asasekho. Lapho ethola isisindo sansuku zonke esandleni sakhe, ucindezela isinkwa emlonyeni wakhe ngawo wonke amandla akhe, uyasilonda, uzama ukugaya futhi aphule ngamazinyo angenayo. Lapho imbongi efa, akapheli izinsuku ezimbili. Omakhelwane ekusatshalaleni baphatha isinkwa kuso njengokuphila. Bahlela ukuze uphakamise isandla sakhe njengesidonsa-doll.

"Shock therapy"

UMerzlyakov, omunye wamaqhawe eqoqo "Izindaba zeKolmy," okuqukethwe kwethu okufushane esikucabangayo, ubukhulu obukhulu, emisebenzini evamile eqonda ukuthi yini enikezayo. Uwa, akakwazi ukuma futhi wenqaba ukuthatha ilogi. Okokuqala bamshaya, bese-bahamba. Uyiswe ekamu ngebuhlungu emuva futhi nantambo ephukile. Ngemuva kokululama, uMerzlyakov akayeki ukukhononda futhi azenze ukuthi akakwazi ukulungisa. Ukwenza lokhu ukuze kuphuze ukukhishwa. Uthunyelwa emnyangweni wokuhlinza esibhedlela esiphakathi, bese kuthi kumnyango wezinzwa ukuhlolwa. UMerzlyakov unethuba lokubhalwa mahhala ngenxa yokugula. Uzama konke okusemandleni akhe ukuba angabonakali. Kodwa uPyotr Ivanovich, udokotela, yena owayengumhlengikazi esikhathini esidlule, uyambonisa. Bonke abantu abashintsha ubuchwepheshe. Uchitha isikhathi esiningi nje eveza labo abazenza. UPyotr Ivanovich ulindele umphumela oyokhipha icala ngo-Merzlyakov. Udokotela kuqala umenza i-anesthesia, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuvula umzimba weMerzlyakov. Ngempelasonto, isiguli sigxile ukwelashwa okwesabekayo, emva kwalokho ucela ukukhipha ngokwakhe.

"Ukuqothula iTyphus"

U-Andreev wehlela ekuhlukaniseni indawo, wagula nge-typhus. Isimo sesiguli uma siqhathaniswa nomsebenzi ezimayini sinika ithuba lokusinda, okuyinto cishe engalindelanga. Khona-ke u-Andreev unquma ukuhlala lapha isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, bese-ke, mhlawumbe, ngeke athunyelwe ngaphezulu ebusweni begolide, lapho ukufa, ukushaywa, indlala. I-Andreev ayiphenduli ucingo lwe-roll ngaphambi kokuthumela ukubuyiswa emsebenzini. Uyakwazi ukufihla ngale ndlela isikhathi eside. Kancane kancane ukuhamba kuhamba, ukuphenduka kufike, ekugcineni, Andreev. Kodwa kubonakala sengathi manje uyinqobe empini yokuphila, futhi uma sekukhona ukuthunyelwa, khona-ke kuphela ekuhambeni kwendawo, eduze kwebhizinisi. Kodwa lapho iloli eneqembu leziboshwa ezanikezwa iifenifomu ezingalindelekile zasebusika, lihambisa umzila ohlukanisa kude nohambo oluseduze, u-Andreev uyaqaphela ukuthi isiphetho simhlelile.

Esithombeni esingezansi - i-plaque endlini eVologda, lapho uShalamov ehlala khona.

"Aneurysm ye-aorta"

Ezindabeni zikaShalamov, ukugula kanye nesibhedlela kuyimfanelo ebalulekile yesakhiwo. U-Ekaterina Glovatskaya, isiboshwa, uya esibhedlela. Lobuhle buheha ngokushesha uZaitsev, udokotela osebenza emsebenzini. Uyazi ukuthi uhlobene no-zek Podshivalov, owaziwayo, oqondisa uhlangothi lwendawo yobuciko be-amateur, udokotela usenquma ukuzama inhlanhla yakhe. Njengenjwayelo, uqala ngokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngesiguli, ngenhliziyo yokulalela. Kodwa-ke, isithakazelo besilisa sithathwe esikhundleni sokukhathazeka kwezokwelapha. E Glovatsky uthola i-aortic aneurysm. Kuyinto isifo lapho ukunyakaza okunganaki kungabangela ukufa. Kuthathwa ukuze kube khona ukuhlukana kwabathandi, iziphathimandla sezivele zithumele intombazane emaphoyiseni okuhlaselwa. Inhloko yesibhedlela ngemuva kokubika kukadokotela ngokugula kwakhe kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lesi siqephu sePodshivalov, ofuna ukugcina inkosikazi. Intombazane ikhululwe, kodwa iyafa ngenkathi ilayisha, njengoba i-Zaitsev ixwayisile.

"Ukulwa kokugcina kukaMeja Pugachev"

Umbhali ufakazela ukuthi emva kokuba iziboshwa zaseGreat Patriotic ziqala ukufika emakamu, zalwa futhi zathunjwa. Abantu bahlukumezeka kakhulu: labo abangakwazi ukuthatha izingozi, ngesibindi. Bakholelwa kuphela izikhali. Ikamu labo lobugqila alizange lonakalise, lingakaqedwa kuze kube yilapho belahlekelwa ukuthanda kwabo namandla. "Iphutha" labo laliwukuthi lezi ziboshwa zathunjwa noma zizungezwe. Omunye wabo, uMajja Pugachev, kwacaca ukuthi balethwe lapha ekufeni. Khona-ke ubutha eqinile futhi enqume, ezifanele yena, iziboshwa ezilungele ukufa noma zikhululeke. Escape ikulungele yonke ubusika. U-Pugachev waqaphela ukuthi yibo kuphela abakwazi ukugwema umsebenzi ovamile abangabalekela ngemuva kokuba basinde ebusika. Ngamunye, abaqambi bangena phambili enkonzweni. Omunye wabo uba umpheki, omunye abe umlimi, okwesithathu ukulungisa izikhali zokuzivikela.

Ngolunye usuku olusentwasahlobo, ngo-5 ekuseni, bashaya ngamehlo. Le nceku iyavuma ukuthi umpheki-ophekayo, owathi, njengokujwayelekile, weza izihluthulelo ze-pantry. Umpheki uyamshaya, kanti esinye isiboshwa sishintsha umfaniswano wakhe. Ngezinye izinceku ezibuyile kamuva, kwenzeka into efanayo. Khona-ke konke kwenzeka ngokusho kwePugachev. Laba babhikishi baphuthuka egumbini lokuphepha futhi bathatha isikhali, badutshulwa isikhulu somsebenzi. Bahlanganiswe ukudla futhi bagqoke imifino yezempi, bahlale bekhuphuka ngokuphazima kweso. Ukuya ngaphesheya kwensimu yekamu, bayimisa iloli emgwaqweni, abashayeli bafika bese behamba, kuze kube yilapho uphethiloli uphuma. Bese baya e-taiga. U-Pugachev, evukile ebusuku ngemuva kwezinyanga eziningi ekuthunjweni, ukhumbula indlela aphunyuke ngayo ekamu laseJalimane ngo-1944, wawela phambili, wadluliselwa imibuzo emnyangweni okhethekile, wabe esolwa ngokuqamba amacala futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-25 ejele. Uphinde ukhumbule ukuthi izithunywa zikaJenerali Vlasov zafika ekamu laseJalimane, lawabamba amaRashiya, eqinisekisa ukuthi amasosha athunjiwe ngamandla aseSoviet angamaqhinga aye eMlandland. Khona-ke uPugachev akazange abakholwe, kodwa ngokushesha waqiniseka ngalokhu. Ubheka ngothando othandana bakhe belele eduze. Ngemva kwesikhashana, impi engenathemba namasosha abazungezile ababaleki ababoshwa. Ababoshiwe bafa cishe bonke kuphela, abaphulukiswa ngemuva kokulimala okukhulu ukuze badutshulwe. Pugachev kuphela okwazi ukuphunyuka. Wagijima ebhere, kodwa uyazi ukuthi uzotholakala. Akazisoli ngalokho akwenzayo. Ukudutshulwa kwakhe kokugcina kuphakathi kwakhe.

Ngakho-ke, sibuyekeze izindaba ezisuka kuqoqo, ezibhalwe ngu-Varlam Shalamov ("I-Kolyma Stories"). Okuqukethwe okufushane kufaka umfundi kumicimbi esemqoka. Okunye ongayifunda emakhasini omsebenzi. Iqoqo laqala ukushicilelwa ngo-1966 ngu-Varlam Shalamov. "I-Kolyma Stories," isifinyeto esifushane owazi manje, sivele emakhasini we-New York edition yeNew Journal.

E-New York ngo-1966, kwakungashicilelwa izindaba ezingu-4 kuphela. Izindaba ezilandelayo zika-1967, ezingu-26 zalo mlobi, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuqoqweni kwezintshisekelo kithi, zaphuma ngesihumusho sesiJalimane edolobheni laseCologne. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe akakaze ashicilele e-USSR iqoqo le "Kolyma Stories" Shalamov. Isifinyeto sazo zonke izahluko, ngeshwa, asifakiwe kufomathi ye-athikili eyodwa, ngoba kunezindaba eziningi kuqoqo. Ngakho-ke, sincoma ukuthi uzijwayele nabanye.

"Ubisi Ophucuziwe"

Ngaphezu kwalabo abachazwe ngenhla, sizobe sitshele ngomunye umsebenzi owodwa kusuka ekuqoqweni "I-Kolyma Stories" - "Ukuphuza Ubisi". Isifinyeto sesilandelayo.

U-Shestakov, owaziwa ngumlandeli, akazange asebenze emayini ebusweni, ngoba wayengumjiniyela wezwe, futhi wathathwa ehhovisi. Wahlangana nomlandeli futhi wamemezela ukuthi ufuna ukuthatha izisebenzi futhi aye kuma-Black Keys, olwandle. Futhi nakuba laba baqaphela ukuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka (indlela eya olwandle isikhathi eside), yena wavuma. Umlandeli wacabanga ukuthi uShestakov ufuna ukunikeza bonke labo abazohlanganyela kulokhu. Kodwa ubisi oluncibilikisiwe oluthenjisiwe (ukuze unqobe umgwaqo, kufanele luvuselelwe) lugqoke. Lapho efika eShestakov, wadla amathini amabili kulokhu kudla. Wabe esethumela ngokumemezela ukuthi ushintshile ingqondo yakhe. Ngemva kwesonto, abanye abasebenzi babaleka. Ababili babo babulawa, abathathu baboshwa ngenyanga. U-Shestakov wadluliselwa kwenye indawo.

Sincoma ukuthi ufunde ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ekuqaleni. Abanobuchule kakhulu babhala uShalamov "izindaba ze-Kolyma." Isifinyezo ("amajikijolo", "imvula" nesithi "izithombe zezingane" esincoma futhi ukuthi sifunda ekuqaleni) sidlulisela isakhiwo kuphela. Isitayela somlobi, ukufaneleka komdwebo kungalinganiselwa kuphela ngokuzijwayeza umsebenzi ngokwawo.

Akufakiwe kuqoqo elithi "Kolyma Stories" "Isigwebo". Asizange sichaze isifinyeto sale ndaba ngalesi sizathu. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi ungenye yezinto ezingavamile kakhulu emsebenzini weShalamov. Abathandi be talenta lakhe bazoba nesithakazelo sokulifunda.