Izifundazwe zaseYurophu. Isimiso sokuhlukanisa iYurophu ibe yizifundazwe

IYurophu ingenye yezingxenye ezimbili zomhlaba ezakha izwekazi lase-Eurasia. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yezimo eziningana, ezamasiko, ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ukuhlukaniswa kweYurophu yaba yizifundazwe kwenziwa ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba sizobona esikhathini esizayo, naphezu kokuba ingxenye efundwayo yomhlaba iyingcosana, umehluko phakathi kwezindawo zawo ezilodwa isabalulekile. Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izifundazwe zaseYurophu futhi iziphi izici zazo? Ake sizame ukuphendula le mibuzo.

Umlando wokuhlukaniswa kweYurophu

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukutadisha izifundazwe zaseYurophu, masihambe emlandweni ukuze siqonde ukuthi isimo sendawo sendawo sisekelwe kuphi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, lokhu akuyona izwekazi elihlukile, ngakho-ke alikho imingcele ecacisiwe. Lesi simo sathi indawo eyayihlanganiswa nomqondo wezwe "Yurophu" yayinemingcele ehlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene zomlando.

Ngisho namaGreki asendulo afika nokuhlukaniswa kwezwekazi lapho behlala khona. E-Asia baqonda iPhenicia (iLebhanon yanamuhla) nayo yonke indawo engasempumalanga yayo, nangaphansi kweYurophu - amazwe angasentshonalanga kulelizwe. Enyakatho, amaGreki enza umngcele eceleni komfula iTanais (okwamanje uDon).

Ngokokuqala ngqa isiphakamiso sokuhlukanisa iYurophu ne-Asiya ngasemgwaqeni we-Ural saboniswa ngo-1720. Kodwa ngisho neCaucasus yonke, kuhlanganise neNyakatho yeKaucasus, yayithunyelwa e-Asia. Kamuva umngcele waqala "ukunyuka" wonke eningizimu. Njengamanje, ochwepheshe abaningi kulo lonke elaseCaucasus bahlanganiswa eYurophu, kanti umngcele we-Asia uhamba nabo eMfuleni yase-Ural kanye nase -Emba River.

Noma kunjalo, kunezindawo lapho abanye abakhethi bendawo bebhekisela kwelinye ingxenye yezwe, kanti abanye - behluke. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Azerbaijan, i-Armenia, i-Georgia, i-Israel ne-Cyprus.

Esikhathini emva kweMpi Yezwe II, kunqunywa ukuhlukanisa iYurophu ngesisekelo sezombangazwe eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga. Amazwe aseMpumalanga afaka amazwe ekamu lezenhlalakahle , nabaseNtshonalanga - bonke abanye. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union nokuwa kwesistimu yezenhlalakahle, ukwahlukana kwangaphambili kwaba yizifundazwe zaseYurophu sekuphelile ngokuphelele. Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zesifundazwe zazikhona esikhathini esidlule, manje sezisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Izakhiwo zanamuhla zaseYurophu

Yiziphi izifundazwe zaseYurophu kulezi zigaba zamanje? Njengamanje, ngokuvamile bafaka ukwahlukana kube izingxenye ezinhlanu eziyinhloko:

• I-Western Europe;
• I-Europe Ephakathi;
• I-Europe Yenyakatho;
• I-Southern Europe;
• I-Eastern Europe.

Esikhathini esizayo, sizokhuluma ngalunye lwalezi zingxenye ngokuningiliziwe, sesifunde, futhi, ukuqoqa kwabo zibe yizingxenye zomhlaba ezingeni eliphansi.

Ukuzulazula kweYurophu yaseNtshonalanga

Njengamanje, iNtshonalanga Yurophu ihlanganisa amazwe afana neJalimane, iFrance, iBrithani, i-Ireland, iBelgium, i-Luxembourg, i-Monaco, ne-Andorra, eNetherlands. Nakuba ivela kuphela endaweni yokubuka, i-Germany izobe isho ngokucacile ngokwengeziwe kulesi Sikhungo, kepha lapho kukhonjiswa izinto zokwengamela, ezomnotho nezombangazwe. Ngesinye isikhathi iSwitzerland, i-Austria ne-Liechtenstein ziyisigaba esifanayo, nakuba zivame ukutholakala ku-Central Europe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iBrithani ne-Ireland ngezinye izikhathi zifakwe eNyakatho.

Iyini imibuso ye-Western Europe? Lapha iFrance, iMonaco ne-Andorra zikhethwe njengeqembu elihlukile. Lokhu akukona nje kuphela kumakhelwane, kodwa futhi iqiniso lokuthi iFrance imelela lezi zizwe ezincane ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganise ne-UN.

I-United Kingdom ne-Ireland yizifundazwe ezihlukene ze-Europe yangaphandle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlanganisiwe, eNyakatho noma eNtshonalanga yezwekazi, lawa mazwe ahlangene ndawonye. Leli qembu lamazwe lingabizwa ngokuthi iBritish, noma Isiqhingi, ngaphansi komhlaba. Lo mphakathi awufaneleki nje kuphela ngokusondela kwezwe, kepha futhi ngendlela ende yokuthuthukiswa komlando ohlangene.

Esinye isifunda saseWestern Europe yizwe laseBenelux. Kusuka kusifinyezo, akulula ukuqonda ukuthi leli qembu liqukethe iBelgium, iNetherlands neLuxembourg. Futhi lizwe lomphakathi owodwa wemasiko kanye nomlando, ngaphezu kwalokho, njengamanje ubumbene emnyunyweni wezomnotho.

Isimo sokugcina, esihlanganisiwe ngokweqile kulezifundazwe kanye namazwe aseYurophu yangaphandle, yiJalimane. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho iSwitzerland, iLiechtenstein ne-Austria ibizwa khona eNtshonalanga Yurophu, babumbene neJalimane eqenjini elilodwa. Lokhu kuhlinzekwa ukuvakasha kwezwe kanye namasiko, ngoba kulawo mazwe iningi labantu likhuluma isiJalimane.

Izindawo ZaseYurophu Ephakathi

I-regionalization ye- Central Europe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngezihumusho ezahlukene, amazwe amaningi kakhulu angabandakanywa kokubili kule ndawo futhi cishe kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Ngokwesiko, amazwe alandelayo abhekwa njengaseMpumalanga Yurophu: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, eMakedoniya, eRomania, eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Ngokuvamile i-Austria, iSwitzerland neLiechtenstein ifakiwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho neJalimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye ochwepheshe bathi amazwe aseBaltic (iLatvia, i-Estonia, iLithuania) aya eNyakatho Yurophu, nakuba iningi lisabona njengengxenye yeNyakatho.

Lesi sifunda singahlukaniswa ngokomzimba sibe yizifundazwe ezimbili: i-Eastern Central European (i-Poland, iSlovakia, iCzech Republic, iHungary, iRomania) ne-Balkan (noma i-Yugoslav), ehlanganisa amazwe aseYugoslavia yangaphambili (iBosnia neHerzegovina, iSlovenia, iSerbia, iKroatia, iKosovo, iMontenegro, EMakedoniya). Emazweni angaphandle, iRomania ingabuye ifakwe eqenjini lokugcina lamazwe, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho nezombusazwe leli zwe livame ukubhekisela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-East Central Europe.

E-Europe YaseNingizimu

Izifundazwe zase-Yurophu YaseNingizimu YaseNingizimu Afrika zingahlukaniswa ngezimo ezintathu: i-Pyrenean, i-Apennine ne-Balkan.

Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa iSpain, iPortugal, kanye neGibraltar, okuyindawo engaphandle kweBrithani, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inezici zendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Andorra ngezinye izikhathi ifakwe eqenjini elifanayo, nakuba libhekisela eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngabanye ochwepheshe.

I-Apennine subregion ihlanganisa yonke i-Italy, kanye namazwe amancane, azungezwe insimu yayo - iSan Marino neVatican. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Malta ijwayele ukufakwa lapha, ngoba leli zwe elisesiqhingini lisiseduze ne- Apennine.

Engxenyeni yeBalkan yase Southern Yurophu ibandakanya iBulgaria, Albania kanye neGreece. Futhi nansi ingxenye yaseYurophu yaseTurkey, kanye ne-Istanbul. Ngezinye izikhathi lapha futhi kufaka phakathi isiqhingi saseCyprus, ngenxa yobuhlobo bayo bemasiko neGrisi, kodwa iningi labantu abanobuchwephesha basabhekwa njengengxenye ye-Asia.

Hlukaniswa emaqenjini aseNyakatho Yurophu

Izifundazwe zaseNyakatho Yurophu nazo ziphakamisa ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingxenye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iFennoscandia, amazwe aseBaltic nasenyakatho yeNyakatho Yurophu.

I-Fennoscandia ihlanganisa iFinland, iDenmark, iSweden neNorway. Amazwe amabili okugcina anikezela endaweni engaphansi kweScandinavia efanele, njengoba nje kuphela ekhona endaweni ye-peninsula yegama elifanayo.

Amazwe aseBaltic yiLithuania, eLatvia nase-Estonia.

I-Europe Yenyakatho iyisiqhingi sase-Iceland naseziqhingini zaseFaroe. I-Faroes iyinhloko yeDenmark, ene-independence ethile.

Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu

Sifunda izifundazwe ze-Yurophu Engaphandle, manje sekuyisikhathi sokubuyela ezindaweni ezazingezona ze-USSR. Uma phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi wonke amazwe ekamu lezenhlalakahle ayingxenye ye-Europe YaseMpumalanga, kuhlanganise nePoland, eCzechoslovakia, eHungary naseRomania, manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Central Europe, manje lesi sifunda sihlanganisa kuphela indawo ye-post-Soviet space.

Ngokuvamile, izifundazwe zaseMpumalanga Yurophu zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu amabili: amaSilavic neCaucasia. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa iRussia, i-Ukraine, i-Belarus, kanye ne-Moldova. Nakuba lesi sigaba sibuswa ngabantu abangeyona iSlavic, kodwa emvelaphi yamaRoma, okuyinto, kodwa, kuphela efakazela ukuthi igama laleli qembu lamazwe livamile.

Amazwe eqembu laseCaucasi iningi lawo alikho ngokuphelele, kodwa ayingxenye kuphela ensimini yezwe laseYurophu. Abanye ochwepheshe ngokuvamile babhekisela e-Asia. Lezi zindawo yiGeorgia, i-Armenia, i-Azerbaijan, kanye nama-republic ahlonishwa kancane a-Abkhazia neSouth Ossetia.

I-Kazakhstan ihlukene, amazwe ayo empumalanga ye-Emba River nayo iYurophu, kodwa ehambisana nendawo yonke yezwe, ukubaluleka kwabo okulinganiselwe kuncane.

Uhlu lwe-UN

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni kwezindawo ze-UN zaseYurophu. Ihluke kulokhu okungenhla ngokuthi ihlukanisa leli zwekazi libe izingxenye ezinhlanu kunokuba libe izingxenye ezine: eNyakatho, eNtshonalanga, eNingizimu naseMpumalanga. Kodwa-ke, leli qembu alikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi liyilo, elibheka zonke izici zokuthuthukiswa kwesifunda.

Ngokwalezi zigaba, amazwe esiwakhulume ngenhla kwi-Europe Ephakathi ahlukene phakathi kweNtshonalanga, iNingizimu neMpumalanga. I-Austria, iSwitzerland neLiechtenstein ivela eNtshonalanga, futhi zonke ezinye izifunda ngaphandle kwamazwe aseYugoslavia - ukuya eMpumalanga. IBulgaria nayo ingeMpumalanga Yurophu. Izifunda ze-Yugoslavia yangaphambili zihlukaniswa njengeNingizimu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-WTO

I-World Tourism Organization inesigaba sayo siqu. Ngezici eziningi kufana nesigaba se-UN. Yiqiniso, esikhundleni se-Eastern Europe, iqembu elifanayo libizwa ngokuthi i-Central-Eastern Europe.

Umehluko oyinhloko ohlukaniswa yi-UN ukuthi amazwe aseBaltic asuswa eNyakatho eya eqenjini laseMpumalanga Yurophu Yurophu, kanye nalabo ababengama-republic aseYugoslavia aseNingizimu.

Incazelo yezinhlawulo

Yiqiniso, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile akukwazi neze ukuthinta isimo sezindaba esivele sikhona. Bavumela kuphela ukuhleleka uhlu lwalezi zindawo ngomsebenzi olula kakhulu nawo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi izigaba ezinjalo ziyaziwa kakhulu, ngoba azizithembi nje kuphela ngesimo sezwe, kodwa futhi ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ezingashintsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlela ejwayelekile yokwamukela iqembu ingashintsha.