Yini enquma ukuma kwamaseli? Amafomu amaseli

Namuhla sizohlaziya umbuzo: "Yini ebeka ukuma kwamaseli?". Okokuqala, siyabona ukuthi umzimba wethu uqukethe amaseli ahlukene ngokuphelele. Zonke izitho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ziyi-designer, izingxenye ezikhona ezingamaseli amancane, esingabheka kuphela ngaphansi kwe-microscope.

Yini enquma ukuma kwamaseli? Lapha singakwazi ukubona izici eziningana, esizozibhala kamuva. Ukuqala, kudingeka sijwayelane nesakhiwo (isakhiwo) seseli. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi bonke bangahlukaniswa ngamaqembu:

• Imifino;
• Izilwane;
• Amaseli amabhaktheriya.

Sizobheka izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ngokwehlukana.

I-Cage

Zonke izinto ezizungezile zihlanganisa amangqamuzana, okuyi-cavity elizungezwe i-membrane. Lesi sikhala esingenalutho sigcwele isixazululo esinamanzi futhi esicacile, isisekelo salo amanzi.

Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi: iseli liyunithi eyisisekelo, abakwazi ukwakha okunye kuphela, kodwa futhi bakhona ngokuzimela. Unamathuba amaningi, njengalawa:

• I-Metabolism;
• Ukuhlala yedwa;
• Ukuzikhiqiza;
• Ukuthuthukiswa.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi bangaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene nobukhulu obuhlukile. Ngabe uhlobo luni lwamaseli luncike, ngokuqinisekile sizohlaziya ngemva kokuzijwayeza ngesakhiwo sabo. Iseli, njengezo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu, iguqukela, ngeke sikhulume ngenqubo yokuguqulwa, kodwa cabangela umphumela wamanje.

Isakhiwo

Naphezu kokuthi ubujamo be-cell, ubukhulu kanye nezindawo ezingaba khona, zingaba nesakhiwo esifanayo. Masihlukanise ama-structural units:

• I-membrane yeselula;
• I-Cytoplasm;
• I-nucleus.

Lokhu kungukuthi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezintathu zesakhiwo ezingatholakala ezimweni eziningi. Nokho, kukhona okuhlukile. Sithatha imisipha, amangqamuzana ayo anesibindi, i-cytoplasm kanye ne-nuclei eziningana. Manje sesicabangele isibonelo lapho kunama-nuclei amaningi esitokisini esisodwa, kodwa kukhona ukungabikho okuphelele kwe-nuclei. Isibonelo sokwehluka kwesibili kungaba i-erythrocyte. Lezi zinsuku azizinayo imisebenzi eminingi namakhono, njengoba kungekho nhlobo yokuzivuselela nokukhiqiza (ngoba kunokuntula kernel).

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-protoplasm iyini. Lona ngumphakathi we-nucleus ne-cytoplasm. Manje sizocubungula kafushane ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi eyenziwe ngayinye yeseli. I-membrane yenza ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi wokuvimbela, ihlukanisa i-protoplasm ekungeneni kwezinto ezingadingekile.

I-cytoplasm ifana ne-mass jelly-like futhi iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:

• I-Gialoplasmas;
• Organelles;
• I-Inclusions.

I-cytoplasm ephethe izinqubo ezibalulekile ze-cell: i-metabolism, amandla kanye nokushintshaniswa kolwazi.

Phakathi kwayo yonke imisebenzi ye-nucleus ingabonakaliswa okulandelayo: umthethonqubo we-metabolism, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA, ukugcinwa nokudluliswa kolwazi lwefa.

Amafomu

Yini enquma ukuma kwamaseli? Kusukela lapho beya khona - lokhu kungokuqala. Kulesi sigaba, sigcizelela okukhethwa kukho. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubukhulu babo, obuhlukile kakhulu. Isibonelo, amanye amabhaktheriya anesayizi cishe cishe ngu-0.2 μm. Uma othile engazi, khona-ke i-micron engu-1 ilingana nenkulungwane eyi-1 mm. Leli seli alinakubonwa ngamehlo, kepha kunezibonelo ezinkulu (iqanda lenkukhu, izigwaca, intshe, nokunye). Empeleni - lena iseli elilodwa, futhi ubukhulu balo bufinyelela kumamentimitha angu-18 ngobude.

Ake sikhethe amanye amafomu:

• Ibhola;
• I-Polyhedron;
• Inkanyezi;
• I-Cylinder njalonjalo.

Uyabona, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezimo nobukhulu bamaseli. Ifomu elula kakhulu ibhola lymphocyte, ngesimo se polyhedron yi-hepatocytes (amangqamuzana wesibindi), inkanyezi - i-osteoblast (amathambo amathambo) njalonjalo.

Amaseli ezitshalo

Amafomu amangqamuzana emvelo avela njalo, kepha izilwane zingashintsha. Imifino inegobolondo elinamandla, elibavimbela ekuguquleni.

Ubukhulu buvame ukushintshashintsha phakathi kuka-10 no-100 μm (ubukhulu bezitshalo zezitshalo eziphakeme). Kodwa kukhona namaseli amakhulu, asebenza ngokuhlinzekwa kwezakhi kanye namanzi. Lezi yizilimo eziyizigaxa zezambane noma izithelo zamanzi. Singazibona ngamaseli angama-iso omlenze we-lemon, ikhabethe noma i-orange, ngoba usayizi wabo unamamitha amaningana. Amanye amafayili (i-flax, i-nettle) afinyelela ubude obungama-millimitha angu-80.

Amaseli ezilwane

Manje sizocubungula kafushane ubujamo nobukhulu bamaseli wesilwane semvelaphi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi banesakhiwo esihlukile kunemifino. Qhathanisa izithombe ezedlule futhi lesi sigaba. Ezimweni eziningi, amaseli wesilwane amancane kakhulu (cishe ama-microns ama-50). Ngakho-ke, kufanele zifundwe ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Amafomu namasayizi ahluke kakhulu. Isibonelo:

• I-cell cell isisindo esiphezulu;
• I-cell cell isimo se-oval;
• Iseli lesikhumba liyijubane eliphambene noma elincane.

Amaseli amabhaktheriya

Sesivele sicabangela izinhlobo zama cell of animal and plants, kodwa amangqamuzana amabhaktheriya abukeka njani? Wonke amabhaktheriya angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu (ngokwefomu):

• I-Spherical;
• I-Rod-eyakhelwe;
• Kuxubile.

Ungabona ezinye izibonelo esithombeni esinikezwe esigabeni. Ama-bacteria amancane kakhulu, lawa maseli angabonakala kuphela ngaphansi kokwanda okunamandla kumakrofoni.