Inkathi yama-Quaternary yenkathi yeCenozoic: incazelo, umlando kanye nezakhamuzi

Isikhathi sokugcina se-Geological and present-day Quaternary senziwa ngo-1829 ngumsosayensi uJules Denouye. ERussia kubizwa nangokuthi i-anthropogenic. Umbhali waleli gama ngo-1922 yi-geologist u-Alexei Pavlov. Ngesinyathelo sakhe, wayefuna ukugcizelela ukuthi yile nkathi ehlobene nokubonakala komuntu.

Ukungafani kwesikhathi

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izikhathi ze-geological, isikhathi se-Quaternary sibonakala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-1.65 kuphela). Njengoba iqhubeka namhlanje, ihlala ingaphelele. Esinye isici ukutholakala kwezidumbu ze-Quaternary ezisezintweni zesintu. Le nkathi ibhekene nezinguquko eziningi ezibukhali zezulu ezithinte kakhulu izimo zemvelo.

Ukuphindaphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe okubandayo kwaholela ekuqhumeni kwezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nasekukhuphukeni kwezindlela eziphansi. Ukufudumala kubangele umphumela ohlukile. Izakhiwo ze-sedimentary zezinkulungwane zeminyaka ezidlule zihlukaniswa nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi saleso sigaba, isakhiwo esifushane esifushane nesakhiwo se-variegated. Isikhathi se-Quaternary sihlukaniswe ama-epochs amabili (noma iminyango): i-Pleistocene ne-Holocene. Umngcele phakathi kwabo uhlezi ezingeni lezinkulungwane eziyi-12-eyedlule edlule.

Ukufuduka kwezitshalo nezilwane

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, isikhathi se-Quaternary sabonakala siseduze nezwe lesimanje nesilwane samanje. Izinguquko kulesi sikhwama zixhomeke ngokuphelele ochungechungeni lokupholisa nokufudumala. Ngokuqala kokuqhafaza izinhlobo ezibandayo ezifudumele zihanjiswe eningizimu futhi zixubene nabafokazi. Phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula okushisayo kusho, inqubo eguqukayo yenzeke. Ngaleso sikhathi, indawo yokuhlala emfudumeni, efudumele kanye nasezindaweni ezishisayo zezilwane nezilwane zasanda kakhulu. Isikhathi esithile, izinhlangano ezigcwele ze-tundra zezwe eliphilayo zanyamalala.

I-Flora kwakudingeka ivumelane nezikhathi eziningana ezimweni eziguqukayo zekhadini ezikhona. Ama-cataclysms amaningi ngalesi sikhathi amaka isikhathi se-Quaternary. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuholele ekunciphiseni kwamaflethi e-broadleaf kanye nama-green, kanye nokwandiswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-herbaceous.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezilwane ezincelisayo

Izinguquko eziphawulekayo emhlabeni wezilwane ziye zathinta izilwane ezincelisayo (ikakhulukazi i-Ungulate kanye ne-proboscis eNyakatho Yezwe Elisha). Esikhathini sePleistocene, izinhlobo eziningi ze-thermophilic zafa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, izilwane ezintsha zavela, zithuthukiswa kangcono ukuze ziphile ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo. Ukuphakama kwalo kwafinyelela ekuqothulweni kwezinyamazane ngesikhathi se-Dnieper glaciation (eminyakeni engu-300-250 eyedlule). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukupholisa kunqume ukwakheka kwekhava yesikhulumi esikhathini se-Quaternary.

Ekupheleni kwePliocene eningizimu yeMpumalanga Yurophu kwakukhona ama-mastoni, izindlovu zaseningizimu, ama-gipparions, ama-tiger ahlasela ama-saber, ama-Etruscan ama-rhinoceroses, njll. Ngasentshonalanga ye-Old World kwakukhona izintshe nezivubu. Kodwa-ke, kakade kuPleistocene yasekuqaleni umhlaba wezilwane waqala ukushintsha kakhulu. Lapho kuqala i-gladi Dnieper, izinhlobo eziningi ze-thermophilic zafudukela eningizimu. Esikhathini esifanayo, indawo yokusabalalisa ye-flora yashintsha. Inkathi yeCenozoic (isikhathi se-Quaternary ikakhulukazi) ihlolwe zonke izinhlobo zokuphila amandla.

I-quaternary bestiary

Emaphethelweni aseningizimu ye-glacier, izinhlobo ezinjengama-mammoth, ama-rhinoceros ama-woolly, ama-reindeer, ama- musk muskox, ama-lemmings, abaqashi abamhlophe babonakala okokuqala. Bonke babehlala ezindaweni ezibandayo kuphela. Amademoni, amabhere, ama-hyenas, ama-rhinoceroses amakhulu nokunye okushisa ukushisa ngaphambi kokuba bahlale kulezi zifunda baqedwa.

Isimo sezulu esibandayo sasungulwa eCaucasus, e-Alps, eCarpathians nasePyrenees, okwenza izinhlobo eziningi zisuke eziqhingini futhi zihlale ezigodini. Ama-rhinoceroses ama-Woolly nama-mammoth ahlala ngisho naseningizimu yeYurophu (ingasaphathwa lonke iSiberia, avela khona eNyakatho Melika). Imfuyo yase-Australia, iNingizimu Melika, iNingizimu ne-Central Africa igcinwe ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa kwayo yonke indawo. Amammoth kanye nezinye izilwane, ezihambisana nezimo zesimo sezulu esinzima, zafa ekuqaleni kweHolocene. Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi, naphezu kokuqhwa kwamanzi amaningi, cishe 2/3 womhlaba wonke akuzange kuthinteke yiqhwa.

Ukuthuthukiswa komuntu

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izincazelo ezihlukahlukene zenkathi ye-Quaternary ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle "kwe-anthropogenic". Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo komuntu yisenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu kule nkathi yomlando. Indawo yokubukeka kwabantu abaningi basendulo namuhla i-East Africa.

I-Ancestral uhlobo lomuntu wanamuhla - ama-Australopithecines, angomndeni wama-hominids. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, baqala ukuvela e-Afrika eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Kancane kancane i-australopithecines yaba yi-bipedal kanye ne-omnivorous. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 million edlule bafunda ukwenza amathuluzi okuqala. Ngakho-ke kwavela indoda enekhono. Eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, iPithecanthropus yakha, okuhlala kuyo kuJalimane, eHungary naseChina.

Ama-Neanderthals nabantu banamuhla

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-350 eyedlule kwakukhona i-paleanthropines (noma i-Neanderthals), ephele eminyakeni engu-35 eyedlule. Imikhakha yemisebenzi yabo itholakala emaphandleni aseNingizimu nasezingeni eliphansi laseYurophu. Ama-paleanthropines ashintshwe abantu banamuhla (neoanthropes noma ama-sapine). Yaba ngowokuqala ukungena eMelika nase-Australia, futhi ibuye ikoloni iziqhingi eziningi zezilwandle eziningana.

Kakade i-neanthropines yokuqala yayingafani nokungafani nabantu banamuhla. Zivumelanisa kahle futhi ngokushesha ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu futhi zifunde ngokuhlakanipha indlela yokucubungula itshe. Lawa ma-hominids athola imikhiqizo yethambo, izinsimbi zomculo zokuqala, izinto zobuciko obuhle, imihlobiso.

Isikhathi esinezinkanyezi eningizimu yeRussia sashiya izikhumbuzo eziningi zokuvubukula ezihlobene neanthropines. Kodwa-ke, nabo bafika ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Abantu abapholile baye bafunda ukusinda ngosizo loboya izingubo nemililo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, isikhathi se-Quaternary saseNtshonalanga Siberia sagcinwe nokukhuliswa kwabantu abazama ukuthola izindawo ezintsha. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule iBronze Age yaqala , eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule - i-Iron Age. Ngesikhathi esifanayo eMesopotamiya, eGibithe naseMedithera yase-Mediterranean yasendulo yazalwa.

Imithombo yamaminerali

Ososayensi bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ambalwa amaminerali, asishiya isikhathi se-Quaternary. Ama-deposit of the last millennia abhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zamapulangwe, izinto ezingenakulinganiswa nezivuthayo, ama-ores of originary sedimentary. Amasheyithi ase-Coastal-sea anduvialal ayaziwa. Amaminerali abaluleke kunawo wonke ngesikhathi se-Quaternary: igolide, idayimane, i-platinum, i-cassiterite, i-ilmenite, i-rutile, i-zircon.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iron ore yechibi kanye nemvelaphi ye-lacustrine ibaluleke kakhulu. Leli qembu lihlanganisa ama-manganese ne-mednonadadievye. Ukuqoqwa okunjalo kuvamile eNingizimu Ocean.

Umcebo wamathumbu

Ngisho nanamuhla, amadwala ase-equatorial kanye ashisayo esiqeshini se-Quaternary aqhubeka nokuphutha. Ngenxa yale nqubo laterite yenziwa. Ukwakhiwa okufanayo kufakwe i-aluminium nensimbi futhi kuyimaminerali ebalulekile yase-Afrika. Izindwangu ezithwala izinsimbi ezisezingeni elifanayo zinezinhlayiya ze-nickel, i-cobalt, ithusi, i-manganese, kanye nobumba obuphikisayo.

Esikhathini se-quaternary isikhathi samaminerali angabalulekile angabonakali. Lezi yi-gravel (zisetshenziswe kakhulu ekwakhiweni), ukubunjwa kwegesi, ingilazi, i-potassium nama-rock salts, isulfure, i-borates, i-peat, ne-lignite. Emanzini ase-Quaternary amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ahlanganiswe, okuwumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi ahlanzekile aphuzayo. Ungakhohlwa ngamadwala we-permafrost neqhwa. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokugcina sezinto eziphilayo sihlala siwumlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezwe, okwaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine namakhulu amane ezedlule.