Izinga lezemfundo ... Amazinga wezemfundo wesifundazwe (GEF)

Izinga lezemfundo iqoqo lezindinganiso ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi wokufundisa wezinga elithile noma ukuqondisa ukuqeqeshwa, okukhethekile nokuqeqeshwa. Ivunyiwe yigungu eliphethe eligunyaziwe. Izindinganiso ezamukelwe ngaphambi kuka 2009, sazi njengeGOS. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, izindinganiso kanye nezindleko zezinga lokuqeqeshwa iziqu ebangeni ngalinye kanye nokukhethekile kuzosetshenziswa. Ake siqhubeke sicabange ukuthi yi-Federal Education Standard namuhla.

Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa

Ngo-1992, ngokokuqala ngqangi umbono onjengesizinga semfundo uvele. Le ncazelo ibhalwe kuMthetho we-Federal sector. Art. 7 yayinikelwe ngokuphelele ku-GOS. Esikhathini sokuqala komthetho, izindinganiso zamukelwa nguMkhandlu oPhezulu wezwe. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1993 uMthethosisekelo wamukelwa, mayelana nokuthi ukusebenza kwalolu lungiselelo kwaqedwa nini. Imisebenzi yokwamukelwa kwe-CRP yabelwa ezigumbini eziphezulu ngendlela ebekiwe nguhulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi uMkhandlu oPhakeme awuzange awusebenzise sonke isikhathi unelungelo lokuvuma izinga.

Isakhiwo

Inqubo yezemfundo ngokusungulwa kwamazinga amasha kanye nezindleko ezincane ekuqaleni kwakuhlongozwa ukwakha ezintweni ezinhlanu. Lezi yizi:

1. Imigomo yemisebenzi yokufundisa ngezinga ngalinye.
2. Izindinganiso zokuqukethwe okuyisisekelo kwezinhlelo eziyinhloko.
3. Isikhulu esiphezulu sokuvunyelwa kwe-classroom loadroom.
4. Izinga lokulungiselela abafundi ezikoleni ezahlukene.
5. Izidingo ezimweni zokuqeqesha.

Kodwa-ke, abalandeli bezindlela zokwenza izinto basho ukuthi bashintshe lesi sakhiwo. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye ye-federal yezinga eliphansi yanciphisa ifomu eliyingxenye ezintathu:

1. Okuqukethwe okungenani kwe-OOP.
2. Inani eliphakeme lomthwalo wokuqeqeshwa.
3. Amazinga wezinga labafundi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lalabo abathintekayo lihlanganisa izingane eziqeda isikole samabanga aphansi. Ngakho, kusukela kulobuciko okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla. 7 izakhi eziningana zanyamalala, futhi ezinye zafakwa esikhundleni:

1. Ibhuloho elihlosiwe liqedwa.
2. Okudingekayo kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwe-OOP kuthathelwe indawo ngokuthi "ubuncane obunzima", okungukuthi, eqinisweni, uhlu olufanayo olujwayelekile lwezihloko. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lezemfundo - eqinisweni, isethi evamile yezinhlelo zesifundo.
3. Umqondo womthwalo omkhulu ovumelekile wanyamalala, ongafani nomqondo wokulayisha okungaphezulu.
4. Izidingo zezimiso zokuqeqesha zisusiwe.

Ukugxeka nokushintsha

UNgqongqoshe wezeMfundo owake waba ngu-E.D. Dneprov uthe izinga elisha lombuso liyisimiso esanele, esinganele. Akuzange kukwanelise izidingo zomkhuba wokufundisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo olunjalo aluhlangabezane nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa komthetho uqobo. Mayelana nalokhu, ngo-1996, ngemuva kokwamukelwa koMthetho we-Federal "Emfundweni Yezobuchwepheshe Ephakeme Nezifundo Eziphezulu," ukubuyela okuyingxenye kuhlelo lokuqala kwakwenzeka. Esigabeni 2 se-Art. 5 kulo mthetho, kunezindinganiso zokuqukethwe okungenani kwe-PLO, kanye nezimo zokuqaliswa kwazo. Ngakho-ke, isenzo esivamile, sibheke indlela okuqhutshwa ngayo inqubo yezemfundo.

Izigaba

Esikhathini kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1999, Izindinganiso zesikhashana nezinhlaka zombuso zesabelomali sesifundazwe zakhiwe futhi zisetshenzisiwe. Ngo-2000, izindinganiso zokuqala - ze-PLO, isizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili - i-GP yamukelwa. Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukiswa kwakuyizinyathelo ezine: kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1996, kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-1998, kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2003. Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2011. Esikhathini ngasinye, isisusa sokwamukelwa kanye nenhloso yamazinga ngokwawo, kanye nokuqondiswa komsebenzi wabafundisi lapho bethuliswa, kushintshiwe. Ukulungiswa kwezigaba ezimbili zokuqala kwakungabalulekile futhi kwakungenqubomgomo yemfundo jikelele. Esikhathini sesiteji sesithathu nesine, izinguquko zazingumkhawulo. Zethulwa emigqeni yokufundisa nokuthuthukiswa komuntu siqu. I-standard standard yemfundo yaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngo-2009.

Ukwenziwa kwesistimu yamazinga

Izidingo ze-GEF zingathuthukiswa yi:

1. Amazinga.
2. Izinyathelo.
3. Izikhombisi-ndlela.
4. Okukhethekile.

Ukuguqulwa (ukubuyekezwa) kwezimpawu kufanele kwenziwe kaningi kunesikhathi esingaphakathi kweminyaka engu-10. Amazinga wombuso wezemfundo wemfundo ejwayelekile akhiwa ngamanqanaba. Imikhuba yokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi nayo isungulwe ezikhethekile, izikhombisi-ndlela, ubuchwepheshe ngokuhambisana nezinga lapho umfundi ekhona khona. Izidingo ze-GEF zenziwa ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomuntu zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, ukuthuthukiswa kombuso nomphakathi, ukuvikela nokuvikeleka kwezwe, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe, isayensi namasiko, izinhlalakahle nezomnotho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso kwenziwa ngendlela ebekwe emthethweni olawula ukubekwa kwemithetho yokusebenza komsebenzi, ukuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zezidingo zikamasipala nezombuso. Izindinganiso zemfundo zemfundo ephakeme zinqunywe yizinyunithi zokufundisa nezinqubo zamanyuvesi ezikhethekile ezifanele (izindawo zokuqeqesha).

Ukubuyisana kanye nobuchwepheshe

Izinga eliphakeme lokufundisa livunyiwe ngemuva kokuba iphrojekthi ithunyelwe kuMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi. I-Ministry izethula kwi-website yayo esemthethweni izinto ezitholwa ingxoxo. Kuhilela abameli bezinhlaka zokuphatha ezithakazelisayo, izinhlangano zomphakathi nezombuso ezisebenza emkhakheni wezemfundo, izikhungo eziphakeme zesayensi nezokufundisa, imiphakathi, izinhlangano nezinye izinhlangano. Ngemva kokuxoxa, iphrojekthi ithunyelwe ukuhlolwa okuzimele.

Izihloko ezithakazelisayo

Ubuchwepheshe obuzimele buqhutshwa ezinsukwini ezingu-14 kusukela ngosuku lokuthola izinto ezivela kuMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi. Njengabahlanganyeli, ukwenza locwaningo, yilokhu:

1. Izikhungo zokubamba izakhamizi ekuphathweni kwezemfundo, izakhiwo eziphezulu zeziphathimandla zezifunda - emibhalweni yamazinga we-PLO.
2. UMnyango Wezokuvikela kanye nezinye izigungu, ezihlinzeka ngomsebenzi wezempi ngomthetho, ngokwemigomo yemfundo egcwele (eyesibili) yemfundo ephakeme, imfundo yesibili yokufundela okuyingxenye ephathelene nokulungiselela abafundi ukuba bahlale emabuthanweni.
3. Izinhlangano zabaqashi, izinkampani zomthetho, ezisebenza emikhakheni yezomnotho efanelekayo - amazinga okubambisana nokuqeqeshwa kokuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo nesephambili kanye ne-v / o.

Ukwamukelwa kuka

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlola okuzimele, isiphetho sithunyelwa kuMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi. Isayinwe yinhloko yomzimba noma inhlangano eyenza ukuhlolwa, noma omunye umuntu ogunyaziwe. Imibono yezobuchwepheshe, imibono, amaphrojekthi we-GEF axoxwa emkhandlwini wenkonzo. Uyanquma ngesincumo sephrojekthi ukuze kuvunywe, kuqedwe noma ukwenqatshelwe. Isinqumo sithunyelwa kuMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi. UMnyango wenza isinqumo sakhe sokugcina ku-GEF. Ukuchitshiyelwa, ukwengeza, ukuchitshiyelwa kwamazinga avunyelwe kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nokutholwa kwabo.

Izinhloso

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuthi izinga lemfundo eligcwalisekayo ukuklanywa kwesikhala esisodwa sezemfundo ezweni lendawo. Izindinganiso zinezinhloso ezilandelayo:

1. Imfundo engokomoya nokuziphatha nentuthuko.
2. Ukuqhubeka kwe-PLO zasenkulisa, okuyisisekelo, eyisisekelo, esikoleni esigcwele, kanye nemfundo yokufundela okuyisisekelo, eyesibili kanye neyunivesithi.

Izindinganiso zibeka imigomo yokuqeqeshwa, kucatshangelwa izinhlobo zayo ezahlukene, ubuchwepheshe bokufundisa, izici ezithile zezigaba ezithile zabafundi.

Isicelo

I-Federal Education Standard isebenza njengesisekelo soku:

1. Inhlangano yemisebenzi yokufundisa ezikhungweni zemfundo ezisebenzisa i-PLO ngokuhambisana nesimiso esivunyelwe, kungakhathaliseki ifomu lenhlangano kanye nelokuvumelana.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezifundo zezifundo, izinhlelo ezifundweni nezifundo, izinto zokuhlola nokulinganisa, izincwadi zokufundisa.
3. Ukuqhuba imisebenzi yokulawula nokuphatha okuhloswe ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nomthetho emkhakheni wezenzo zokufundisa.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zokuhlinzekwa ngezezimali zemisebenzi yezemfundo yezikhungo ezisebenzisa i-PLO.
5. Ukwakheka kwemisebenzi kamasipala noma kahulumeni yezikhungo zemfundo.
6. Izitifiketi zothisha nabasebenzi bezinsiza zokuphatha nezokuphathwa kwezakhiwo zikamasipala nezombuso.
7. Inhlangano yokuqapha kwangaphakathi kwekhwalithi yomsebenzi wokufundisa.
8. Isiqinisekiso esiphakathi kanye nesigqi sokugcina kwabafundi.
9. Inhlangano yokuqeqesha, ukuqeqeshwa okuphambili, ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe othisha.

Isingeniso kumsebenzi wokufundisa

I-GEF isebenza kanjani ngokusebenza? Izinhlelo ezisebenza ezikoleni zemfundo kufanele zibhaliswe ngokuhambisana namazinga avunyelwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kwenziwa ngokuqondile yizikhungo. Yakha izinhlelo ze-GEF zihlanganisa:

1. Ikharityhulam.
2. Uhlelo lwekhalenda.
3. Izinhlelo zokufunda ukusebenza.
4. Izinhlelo zokufunda, amamojula (ukuyala), ezinye izingxenye.
5. Izinto zokwakha nezokuhlola.

Izizukulwane

Izindinganiso zokuqala zezemfundo zenziwa ngo-2004. Isizukulwane sesibili semigomo samukelwa:

1. Amaseli angu-1-4. - ngo-2009
2. Amaseli angu-5-9. - ngo-2010
3. Amaseli angu-10-11. - ngo-2012

Babehlose umphumela, ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kokuphathwa kwezempilo kubafundi. Isizukulwane sokuqala samazinga aphakeme emfundo yokufundela samukeleka ngo-2003. La mazinga alandelayo aqaliswa ngo-2005. Ahloselwe ukuthola ulwazi, amakhono namakhono abafundi. Izindinganiso zezizukulwane sesithathu zivunyiwe kusukela ngo-2009. Ngokuhambisana nabo, i-I / O kufanele ikwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhono okufundela namasiko jikelele abafundi .

Ama-EGS we-HPE

Kuze kube ngu-2000, kwakukhona izinga eliphakeme lombuso wemfundo ephakeme yezobuchwepheshe. Yamukelwa ngumthetho kahulumeni. Lesi simiso sinqunywe:

1. Ukwakhiwa koqeqesho lwezemfundo eyunivesithi.
2. Amadokhumenti ku.
3. Izidingo ezijwayelekile zemfundo eyisisekelo yokufundisa kanye nemibandela yokuqaliswa kwazo.
4. Ivolumu nezindinganiso zomsebenzi womfundi.
5. Inkululeko yemfundo yeyunivesithi ekunqumeni okuqukethwe kweHPE.
6. Izidingo ezijwayelekile zohlu lwezinto ezikhethekile (izikhombisi-ndlela) zokuqeqeshwa kokuqeqeshwa.
7. Umyalelo ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa nokuvunyelwa kwamazinga okuqukethwe okungenani kanye nezinga lokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi emisebenzini ethile.
8. Imithetho yokulawulwa kombuso ngokuhambisana nezidingo zesilinganiso sezwe semfundo ephakeme yezemfundo.

Kusukela ngo-2013, ngokuhambisana noMthetho we-Federal No. 273, kufanele kube nemigomo eqhubekayo yokuqhubeka. Izindinganiso ezintsha zenziwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, eziqondisweni zemfundo yaseyunivesithi ehlobene nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi besayensi nezokufundisa. Izinkomba nazo zenzelwe imfundo yasenkulisa nokuthuthukiswa. Kubo abasebenza ngaphambilini basezingeni lesifundazwe sezemfundo. Izindinganiso zanwetshwa ngokuqondile nesakhiwo sekharikhulamu yangaphambi kwesikole.