Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu. Isakhiwo sezitho zangaphakathi zomuntu

Umuntu uyisimo esiphila kakhulu kunazo zonke. Izindlela zalo zomzimba zihlukaniswa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi zenziwe kahle ukuze zisinde emhlabeni. Ubuchopho nesistimu yonke yezinzwa kuvumela umuntu ukuba ahlaziye ulwazi mayelana nemvelo, empilweni lapho ajwayele khona. Zonke ezinye izinhlelo zinomthwalo wemisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nokunyakaza, okuyinto impahla engenakutholwa yimuphi isilwane.

Indlela yesayensi

Isayensi, efunda izici zesakhiwo somzimba womzimba womuntu, ibizwa ngokuthi i-anatomy. Ihlukanisa isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu kanye namaphethini angaphandle, amaphethini omzimba wezingxenye kanye nezingxenye zomzimba, ukuthuthukiswa esikhathini sokubumbana. I-anatomy ye-pathological iqondiswa yile ndawo yolwazi, efunda isakhiwo somzimba ongathandeki. Zombili lezi zayensi zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-biology kanye nemithi yokwelapha.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi enye yezindlela zesimo sokufunda i-anatomy ukutadisha isakhiwo sezitho ekucwaningweni kwesigaba. Izinyathelo ezinjalo ziye zaqaliswa kuphela eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, kusukela ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi, abantu babecishe bangalokothi bazungeze futhi babhekwa njengecala. Manje i- autopsy yomzimba womuntu oshonile iyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezokwelapha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ukwandise amasu okuxilonga kanye nokwelapha.

Isayensi yesibili enikeza ulwazi oluningi mayelana nesakhiwo sezitho zomuntu i-histology. Uhlola isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu osezingeni elincane, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-microscope. I-cytology ne-immunochemistry yizindlela zokutadisha amaseli.

Izitayela ze-morphology

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba womuntu sinokufana okuningi nesimo sezilwane zamammalian. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, kusukela ekubukeni kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umuntu uyisilwane esiluhlaza. Waqala ngokufana nabanye abameleli bekilasi futhi ufanane nabo esimweni somzimba nasesimweni seselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nasezingeni lobuchwepheshe, abantu nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zifana kakhulu.

Umbono jikelele womzimba

Ngokwe-anatomy, isakhiwo sangaphandle nesingaphakathi somuntu asihlukanisi ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kukhona i-anthropometry kuphela kanye nemfundiso yezitho zangaphakathi, izinzwa, izitsha, imigudu, imisipha namathambo. Isakhiwo sesikhumba sibonakala ku-histology nase-neurology. Isakhiwo somuntu siqu silula futhi kulula ukuzala.

Iyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila emzimbeni yileli cell. Ukuqoqwa kwamaseli anemisebenzi kanye nesakhiwo esifanayo kubizwa ngokuthi izicubu. Ama-tissue amaningana akhe ama-organ ahlanganisa amahlelo. Ngakho-ke, umzimba kufanele umelwe njengesistimu yezinhlaka, imisebenzi yawo elinganisiwe.

Izinhlelo zezitho zomuntu

Bakha inhlobo yonke futhi banomthwalo wemisebenzi ebalulekile yomzimba. Kanti, izitho zinezicubu, nezicubu - ezivela kuhlobo olufanayo lwamaseli. Futhi umzimba uqukethe izinhlelo ezilandelayo:

• I-Musculoskeletal;
• Ukugaya;
• Ukuphefumula;
• Ukhathazekile;
• I-cardiovascular;
• I-Urinary;
• Ubulili;
• I-Integumentary;
• I-Endocrine.

Ukufunda isakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba womuntu, akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo nolwesibili. Konke kubalulekile ngendlela yabo, futhi, ukusebenza ndawonye, baqinisekisa umsebenzi obalulekile wenyama yonke.

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-musculoskeletal

Lolu hlelo lwezitho luphethwe ukuhamba nokugcinwa kwesimo somzimba. Iqukethe ama-skeleton, ligaments namajoyini, imisipha. I-Bone iyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezinto eziphilayo (amaprotheni) futhi engavamile (i-hydroxyapatite). Isakhiwo esiphilayo somzimba, esingakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela. Amathoni namalunga aphendula ekuxhumaneni kwamathambo. Futhi, ezinye zazo zingajoyina ngenxa ye-coalescence ephelele. Isibonelo ukuhlanganiswa kwamathambo e-pelvic (ishicilelo, i-sciatic ne-aliac). Le ndlela yokuhlanganisa amathambo ibizwa ngokuthi i-synostosis.

Ingxube esebenzayo yesistimu ye-musculoskeletal yisisipha. It is a fibrous sakhiwo. I-muscle ihlanganiswa ne-fascia, futhi i-tendon ihlanganiswe namathambo. Ukuchotshozwa kwalo kushukumisela amathambo ahlanganiswe emahlanganisweni. Lezi zinguquko esikhundleni samathambo zivumela umzimba ukuba uhambe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusayina ukunyakaza kunikezwa ubuchopho futhi ithunyelwe emisipha eduze kwemizwa.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Lena enye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezihlanganisa izitho eziningi. Zihlukaniswe zibe yi-parenchymal (isibindi kanye nezinye) futhi ezingenalutho (lonke ithubhu lomathumbu). Uhlelo lonke luqukethe isigxobo somlomo nezitho zalo (amazinyo, ulimi, izigulane ezisezingeni eliphansi), i-pharynx, isophagus, isisu, izinhlayiya ezincane nezinkulu zokugaya kanye namathumbu.

Isigxobo somlomo yisigaba sokuqala segciwane lokugaya. Yisitho esingenalutho esisebenzela ukuqonda ukudla nokugaya ngamazinyo, futhi nokumanzi ngamathe. I-pharynx ne-oophagus yindlela yokudla okucutshungulwa kancane, okumele kuqala ukungena esiswini.

Isisu silungiselela ukudla okuphelele kokudla okumele kwenzeke emathunjini. Iqala nge-duodenum, iqhubeka ixhumene ne-aliac, futhi iphetha ngamathumbu amakhulu. Ngo-12 duodenum ukudla kumele kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele nge-enzyme, futhi ngokuqinile konke okudinga ukudla kufanele kufakwe. Emathunjini amakhulu athola kuphela leyo ngxenye yokudla umuntu angakwazi ukugaya ngenxa yokungabi nalutho kwama-enzyme yokugaya.

Isibindi nama-pancre adlala indima ebalulekile ekugayeni. Lezi zinkimbinkimbi zenza ama-enzyme okwehla kwe-carbohydrate yokudla nama-protein, kanti isibindi siyadingeka ukuhlukaniswa kwe-bile acids, okukwazi ukuqeda izinqubo zokususa amafutha futhi kusebenze ama-enzyme we-pancreas.

Ngemuva kokuqedwa kwamakhemikhali okudla, ukudla kudlulela emathunjini amakhulu. Lapha kukhona i-microflora yokuzikhethela, edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe isililulose ne-pectin. Kulezi zinto, amabhaktheriya enza amavithamini. Emathunjini amakhulu, ahlanganiswe kanye namanzi (ukungancibilika kwamanzi) noma angene ngokuqondile emdongeni wamathumbu (amanqamuzana amaningi). Uhlelo lokugaya luphela nge-rectum, lapho zonke izinsalela zokudla ezingapheli zisuswa khona.

Izinhlelo zokuphefumula nezinhliziyo zenhliziyo

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu, uhlelo lwalo olumelelwa yizicubu, izitho nezinhlelo zezinhlaka, azikwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokujikeleza kwegazi nokuphefumula. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zihlobene. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuwacabangela ndawonye.

Isimiso sokuphefumula sakhiwa izitho ezingenalutho: umzila wokuphefumula (umthambo womlomo, i-nasopharynx, i-oropharynx, i-larynx, i-tracheobronchial tree) namaphaphu. Ipulazi ngalinye lizungezile i-pleura.

Imisebenzi yesimiso sokuphefumula i-oxygenation yegazi nokususwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Futhi, izingxenye ezihlukene zendlela yokuphefumula ukudlala indima yokusiza: ukushisa nokugcoba umoya ongenayo. Kulesi simo, amaphaphu ahlanganyela ekulawuleni umlinganiso we-asidi-base we-plasma (ngenxa yokususwa kwe-carbon dioxide).

Isistimu yenhliziyo yenza umsebenzi wokuthutha, ihambisa umoya ophethwe i-hemoglobin ezicukwaneni. Ama-nutrients afika nawo: ama-amino acids, ama-fatty acids, i-glucose. Isistimu yenhliziyo iboniswa yinhliziyo, imithambo yegazi, i-arterioles, i-capillaries, i-venules, i-veins, izitsha ze-lymphatic nama-node.

Izinhlelo ze-Nervous and endocrine

Uhlelo lwezinzwa ludlala indima yomlawuli wemisebenzi yomzimba. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu, isithombe sakhe esinikeza ukubonakala okubonakalayo kwesakhiwo somzimba wethu, asikwazi ukubhekwa ngokwahlukana nezinhlelo zezinzwa nezamahlaya. Zibaluleke kakhulu njengabanye. Uhlelo lwezinzwa luboniswa ubuchopho nomgogodla, ukuphela kwezinzwa kanye nezinzwa. Lezi zakhiwo zisebenza cishe yonke imisebenzi, ukunikeza "imiyalo" kwezinye izinhlelo zemizimba.

Uhlelo lwe-endocrine luphinde ludlale indima yomlawuli wemisebenzi nezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo. Unesibopho sokukhula, ukukhiqiza, ukukhiqiza umzimba. Ukulawulwa kwalezi zinqubo kubangelwa ukukhululwa kwamahomoni. Yonke isimiso se-endocrine simelelwe izigulane ezihlukene, okusebenza kwawo okulawulwa yi-pituitary gland. I-vasopressin, i-oxytocin, ama-hormone ashisayo kanye nokukhulula izici. I-Vasopressin ilawula umthamo emzimbeni emzimbeni, nasezinkanjeni ze-oxytocin - uterine ngesikhathi sokubeletha.

Ama-hormone aseTropic we-pituitary gland ayimpawu zezinye izigulane ze-endocrine (izigulane ze-thyroid nezinduna). Ukukhulula izici yizinto ezisebenza kuwo umsebenzi we hypothalamus. Lesi sakhiwo yisakhiwo somqondo.

Izinhlelo ze-Urinary nokuzala

Uhlelo lwe-urinary luboniswa izinso nge-urinary tract (ureters, isisindo, urethra). Emadodeni, ahlanganiswa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nezitho zocansi (testes, cord seminal, vesicles seminal, prostate). Kwabesifazane, ukusebenza kokubili izinhlelo akufani kakhulu. Emzimbeni wabo, i-urethra ayixhunyiwe ohlelweni lokuzala elimelelwa yisisu, ama-ovari, isisindo nesisindo.

Ama-ovari emadodeni nabesifazane be-testes yamadoda yizigulane ezinezinhlobo ezimbili zokuvimba: zangaphakathi kanye ne-exocrine. Lezi zinhlayiya zihlanganiswa ngokweqile, ezibandakanya ekubunjweni kwamaseli ocansi kanye nokulawulwa kwemisebenzi yesistimu yokuzala. Kulokhu, isakhiwo sezitho zangaphakathi zomuntu, izithombe nemidwebo yazo eziqukethwe kulo magazini, kuncike emigomeni ye-dimorphism yezocansi. Isakhiwo sabo sihlukile kwabesilisa nabesifazane, nakuba kukhona ukufana okufanayo.

Uhlelo lokuvala

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi somzimba womuntu iqoqo lezitho ezijulile kunesikhumba. Leyo yesikhumba ihlanganisa umzimba ngaphandle futhi ilawula izinga lokushisa, ivikela izimbangela zangaphandle ezilimazayo zendalo yemvelo, imishini kanye namakhemikhali. Isikhumba sigcwalisa umfanekiso ophelele womzimba womuntu.

Isakhiwo somzimba nokusebenza kwayo

Isakhiwo sezitho zangaphakathi zomuntu, izithombe kanye nemidwebo yazo eziqukethwe ezincwadini zomzimba ezithinta umzimba, kubhekwa njengeqoqo lamaseli, elihlangene namathishu. Izakhiwo zamuva. Kulesi simo, ngamunye wabo ngendlela yakhe uhlanganyela emphilweni. Nakuba kubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi zonke izinhlelo zezinhlaka zihlobene. Isibonelo, isistimu yokuqhafaza inesibopho sokuhamba nokugcinwa kokuhlelwa kwesikhala endaweni. Kodwa-ke, ukudla kwayo kuyenzeka ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwezinsiza, ukuvikelwa - ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokuzivikela, futhi ekuhambeni kwemisipha kuqhutshwa yimisipha yezinzwa.

Uma sicabanga ngesakhiwo sonke somuntu, izitho zangaphakathi zesifazane, isibonelo, noma isilisa, noma yimuphi umcwaningi uzothola ubudlelwano obukhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulawa kungukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yokuphefumula, ukugaya nokusabalalisa ngokusebenzisa isimiso sezinzwa. Ukuba khona kwesikhungo sokuphefumula kuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi buqondise ngokuzimela ukuphefumula nokulunywa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilonda ze-endocrine zithinta umsebenzi wenhliziyo ngokusebenzisa i-adrenaline ne-norepinephrine. Futhi ngalesi simiso kuphela isakhiwo sangaphakathi somuntu esihleliwe. Izithombe nemidwebo yeminye imizimba ifakwe ezinhlokweni ezizodwa zencwadi.