Isakhiwo yeselula sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kufanele? Biology: isakhiwo yeselula komzimba

Njengoba yaziwa, isakhiwo solwazi kufanele cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Empeleni, wonke amaseli abe sakhiwo lesifanako. Lona iyunithi kulencane kwesakhiwo futhi functional of a eziphilayo. Amaseli kungase zinemisebenzi eyahlukene zibuye, futhi kungakho ezihlukile isakhiwo sabo. Ezimweni eziningi, bangakwazi ukwenza izinto eziphilayo njengochwepheshe abazimele. isakhiwo yeselula kukhona izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, ama-bacterium. Nokho, kukhona umehluko emkhatsini amayunithi abo kwesakhiwo futhi zisebenza kahle. Kulesi sihloko sibheka isakhiwo yeselula. Ibanga 8 ihlanganisa ukutadisha isihloko. Ngakho-ke, isihloko kuyoba ezithakazelisayo abafundi, kanye labo zimane nentshisekelo biology. Lokhu kubuyekeza uzobe kuchazwe isakhiwo yeselula, amaseli eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene, lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini wabo.

Umlando inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela cell isakhiwo

Abantu musa bahlale bazi ukuthi liqukethe izinto eziphilayo. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke kwezicubu akhiwa amangqamuzana liye laziwa esanda kutholakala. Isayensi ukuthi study ke, - Biology. Isakhiwo yeselula we sidumbu owokuqala owachaza lesi ososayensi Matthias Schleiden futhi Theodor Schwann. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1838. Khona-ke inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela yeselula isakhiwo sakhiwa amalungiselelo anjalo:

• izilwane kanye nezitshalo zonke izinhlobo amaseli akhiwa;

• zikhula ngokwakha amangqamuzana amasha;

• iseli - iyunithi ezincane kunazo zonke ekuphileni;

• umzimba - iqoqo amaseli.

Imfundiso yesimanje kuhlanganisa nezinye izinhlinzeko eziningana, futhi kancane ngaphezulu:

• iseli singenzeka amangqamuzana komama kuphela;

• amaningi akunalo isethi lelula amaseli bese kusuka sebehlanganisa izicubu, izitho nogwali izinhlelo;

• amaseli kwazo zonke izinto akheke ngendlela efanayo;

• iseli - kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa ezincane zansuku zonke;

• iseli - komncane kunabo iyunithi kwesakhiwo ukuthi ingaba njengesihluthulelo lotimele.

iseli isakhiwo

Kusukela isakhiwo solwazi Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele izici jikelele isakhiwo ukuthi isici. Okokuqala, wonke amaseli zihlukaniswe prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic. Esikhathini esidlule kukhona core ukuthi ivikela ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo elondolozwe ku-DNA. Ngo amaseli prokaryotic, akusiyo efanayo, ne-DNA sintanta ngokukhululekile. Zonke amaseli eukaryotic lakheke kanje. Banezinhliziyo igobolondo - ulwelwesi plasma, ngokuvamile owawuba emhlabeni imfundo eyengeziwe zokuzivikela. Zonke okukulo, ngaphandle ikhenela - kungcono cytoplasm. Siqukethe hyaloplasm, organelles futhi inclusions. Hyaloplasm - main crystalline imfuyo, okuyinto kwangaphakathi cell imvelo futhi sigcwalisa yonke indawo yayo. Organelles - a idlula ukuthi imisebenzi ethile, okungukuthi ukunikeza imisebenzi ebalulekile amaseli ... Inclusions - imfundo angesiwo agcwele, nazo zinendima ethile, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo okwesikhashana.

Isakhiwo yeselula eziphilayo

Manje thina uhlu organelles ukuthi kukhona amaseli Kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni okufanayo, ngaphandle amagciwane. It mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. Ukuze ama-bacterium nobuntu olulodwa lwalezi organelles - ribosomes. Manje bheka isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi organelle ngalinye ngokuhlukile.

mitochondria

Zinikeza yokuphefumula intracellular. Mitochondria abe uhlobo "amandla", ukukhipha amandla okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu cell umsebenzi, ukuze nikwazi ukulidlulisela labo noma ezinye zamakhemikhali. Ziyakwazi organelles dvumembrannym, okusho abe shrouds ezimbili - angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Ngezansi wabo matrix - efanayo hyaloplasm kuseli. Phakathi nolwelwesi yangaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi kwakhiwa cristae. Zalesisibaya ngaphakathi okuyizinto enzyme. Lezi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze bakwazi ukufeza zamakhemikhali ngawo amandla ikhishwe, iseli kunesidingo.

ribosomes

Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo amaprotheni umzimba - okungukuthi, ngokuba zamagama compounds alesi sigaba. Ribosomes libe izingxenye ezimbili - subunits, ezinkulu kanye nezincane. Ulwelwesi kule organelle sishoda. Subunit ka ribosomes kuhlanganiswe kuphela ngokushesha ngaphambi inqubo amaprotheni zamagama, zihlukaniswa lonke isikhathi. I izinto lapha kwenziwa ngesisekelo ulwazi aqoshiwe eyayiphathelene DNA. Lolu lwazi silethwa ribosomes usebenzisa tRNA njengoba ezokuthutha lapha DNA njalo ke ezingase zingenzeki yingozi - yayiphezulu kakhulu cishe umonakalo.

Golgi isithombe

Lokhu organelle yakhiwa kushe amathangi flat. Umsebenzi organelle itholakala lokuthi ukuthi iqoqa kanye lishintsha izinto ezihlukahlukene futhi uhlanganyela kumiswa lysosomes.

reticulum endoplasmic

It ihlukaniswe yaba bushelelezi futhi olunzima. Okokuqala zakhiwa amashubhu flat. Uyena obangela ukwenziwa kuseli kwezidakamizwa kanye lipids. Maholoholo is abizwa kanjalo ngenxa ezindongeni nolwelwesi, zazo yakhiwa, kukhona ribosomes eziningi. It yenza umsebenzi ezokuthutha. Okungukuthi Ukudluliselwa amaprotheni ribosome kwemiqondo khona, ukuze apharathasi Golgi.

lysosomes

Zimelela odnomembrannye organelles eziqukethe enzyme ezidingekile ukuqaliswa zamakhemikhali ezenzeka phakathi umzimba intracellular. Inani elikhulu lysosomes ebonwe leucocytes - amaseli enze umsebenzi mzimba. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi zifeza phagocytosis futhi baphoqwa ukuba inhlabamkhosi amaprotheni amazwe angaphandle, okuyinto kudingeka semali enzyme.

cytoskeleton

Lona organelle zokugcina, okuyinto okuvamile isikhunta, izitshalo nezilwane. Omunye umsebenzi wayo obalulekile iwukuhlale cell ukuma. Kumiswa It is of microtubules futhi microfilaments. Esokuqala tube ozwakala amaprotheni tubulin. yobukhona babo cytoplasm kwezinye organelles singenakukwazi ukuhambahamba yezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, microtubules Ungase futhi aqukethe cilia futhi flagella ka unicellular. Uphiko wesibili cytoskeleton - microfilaments - siqukethe contractile amaprotheni actin futhi myosin. Ngo-bacterium, lokhu organelle ngokuvamile engekho. Kodwa ezinye zazo zinezikhathi ebukhoneni cytoskeleton, kodwa bakudala ngaphezulu, wahlela hhayi njengoba kunzima njengoba e isikhunta, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.

Plant cell organelles

Isakhiwo yeselula izitshalo has ezinye izici. Ngaphandle organelles ngenhla futhi vacuoles nazo plastids samanje. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zenzelwe ekuqongeleleni therein izinto kuhlanganise ezingadingekile, njengoba bahoxe iseli ngenxa yokubakhona yesigayegaye ulwelwesi odongeni ngokuvamile emhlabeni engenakwenzeka. Uketshezi okuyinto ngaphakathi vacuole, ngokuthi cell ubisi. I abasha plant cells ekuqaleni abe vacuoles ezimbalwa ezincane, okuyinto, njengoba ukuguga yayo ihlangana zibe munye omkhulu owodwa. Plastids zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu: chromoplasts, leucoplasts futhi chromoplasts. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zinezikhathi khona ukwakheka kombala obomvu, ophuzi noma orange. Chromoplasts ezimweni eziningi kudingeka ukuheha umbala isinambuzane ezithutha impova noma izilwane zinengxenye ukusabalala izithelo ngembewu. Kuyinto ngenxa idatha organelles izimbali nezithelo babe nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene imibala. Chromoplasts zingase zimiswe kusukela chloroplast, okuyinto kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ekwindla, lapho amaqabunga eshintsha khona shades phuzi futhi zibe bomvu, kanye ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa izithelo, lapho kancane kancane ubalekela oluhlaza ngokuphelele. buka Landelayo plastids - leucoplasts - senzelwe izinto ukugcina ezifana isitashi, amafutha kanye amaprotheni ezithile. Chloroplast kwenziwe inqubo ye-photosynthesis ngawo izitshalo bathole ngokwabo ezidingekayo izinto eziphilayo. Yezinhlayiya eziyisithupha-carbon dioxide futhi amanzi amaningi cell ingathola eyodwa molecule glucose ne eziyisithupha oksijini, okuyinto adedelwa emkhathini. Chloroplast kukhona organelles dvumembrannymi. Ngo-matrix yabo iqukethe thylakoids, eziqoqiwe Grand Prix. Kulezi izakhiwo, futhi iqukethe chlorophyll, lapha uya ukusabela ye-photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli matrix nazo ribosomes yabo chloroplast, RNA, DNA, ama-enzyme akhethekile, okusanhlamvu isitashi lipid amaconsi. Matrix organelles idatha futhi ngokuthi stroma.

Izici amakhowe

isakhiwo yeselula nazo la magciwane. Ezikhathini zasendulo, base kuhlangene kwelinye umbuso nge izitshalo uzibeka ngokwalokho ngokubukeka kwabo, kodwa lapho kufika ngaphezulu besayensi obuphambili wathola ukuthi lokhu angeke kwenziwe. Okokuqala, amakhowe, ngokungafani izitshalo, akuzona autotrophs, abakwazi bona ukukhiqiza udaba eziphilayo, futhi kuphela udle ngomumo eyenziwe. Okwesibili, amaseli fungal okunye okucishe kufane ukuze isilwane, nakuba has ezinye izici zalesi sihlahla. amaseli fungal, kanye izitshalo, manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngodonga obukhulu, Nokho-ke akunalo cellulose, futhi chitin. Lokhu kwaziswa kunzima ukugaya umzimba isilwane, ngakho amakhowe futhi ezibhekwa ukudla esindayo. Ngaphezu organelles ezichazwe ngenhla, okuyinto evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke eukaryotes, kukhona vacuole - lena esinye isici isikhunta, siphathelene nezitshalo. Kodwa nokwakheka plastids kuseli fungal siyenzeka. Eliphakathi kodonga futhi ulwelwesi cytoplasmic kuyinto lomasoma, ogama imisebenzi abangazange okwamanje bakuzwisise ngokuzeleko. Ezinye izindaba zika-isakhiwo cell fungal sifana isilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho organelles ku cytoplasm njengoba ukufakwa iflothi ezifana amaconsi amafutha, glycogen.

amaseli isilwane

Basuke izimpawu zonke organelles ukuthi ichazwe ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phezu ulwelwesi plasma kuyinto glycocalyx - igobolondo ehlanganisa lipids, polysaccharides futhi glycoproteins. It ehilelekile ukuthuthwa izinto phakathi amaseli.

core

Yiqiniso, ngaphezu organelles jikelele, isilwane, isitshalo, amaseli fungal ane-nucleus. It ivikelwe amagobolondo ezimbili, ezithinta ikhule ezimbotsheni. I-matrix siqukethe karyoplasm (ubisi senuzi), lapho le-chromosome iflothi kokuba eqoshiwe Imininingwane wezulu. Futhi kukhona nucleolus, okuyinto banesibopho kumiswa ribosomes futhi RNA zamagama.

prokaryotes

Lezi zihlanganisa amagciwane. Isakhiwo yeselula-bacterium kuyinto bakudala more. Sinenkosi awanayo i-nucleus. I cytoplasm iqukethe organelles ezifana ribosomes. Emhlabeni ulwelwesi plasma kuyinto odongeni cell we murein. prokaryotes Iningi inikezwa organelles ukunyakaza - ikakhulukazi flagella. capsule lwamafinyila - containment ezengeziwe zingase zizungeze udonga cell kanye. Ngaphandle eziyisisekelo DNA-molecule e-cytoplasm-bacterium kukhona plasmids lapho ilwazi kulotshwe, unesibopho ukumelana lenyuka ukuze kwezimo ezingezinhle.

Ingabe zonke izinto eziphilayo Akhiwa kusuka amaseli?

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isakhiwo solwazi sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kufanele. Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso. Kukhona embusweni eziphilayo ezifana amagciwane. Abazi ziqukethe amaseli. Lokhu umzimba iqukethe capsid - igobolondo amaprotheni. Ngaphakathi kuba DNA noma RNA, eyayibhalwe esincane ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Emhlabeni amaprotheni igobolondo ingase futhi etholakala Esilula ngokuthi superkapsidom. Amagciwane akwazi ukwanda kuphela ngaphakathi amaseli angaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyakwazi crystallization. Njengoba ubona, izinsolo zokuthi isakhiwo solwazi sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo azilungile.

ithebula ukuqhathanisa

Uma sesibuyekeze isakhiwo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ukuba afingqe. Ngakho, isakhiwo solwazi, ithebula:

Lapha, mhlawumbe, futhi zonke. Sesihlole isakhiwo solwazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni.