Indian Ocean: olwandle ukujula. Phansi e-Indian Ocean. Amazinga kanye nesisombululo kwe-Indian Ocean

iplanethi yethu zikanokusho ngazo zonke izindlela: ezihlukahlukene omkhulu kwezimila, ngomnotho ezingenakulinganiswa izilwane zasendle nensada engapheli siklanyelwe ukuphila emanzini. Konke lokhu nokuningi kuqukethwe ezweni lethu elihle.

Ngokuqinisekile wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi kule planethi kukhona ulwandle ezine makhulu. Bonke bangabangasokile okukhulu ngendlela yabo. Pacific, ngokwesibonelo, komkhulu, Atlantic - okunosawoti Arctic - abandayo futhi Indian - olufudumele. Nangu Sagcina uyoyinikela athikili yethu.

Bewazi yini ukuthi i-Indian Ocean iyona ngobukhulu? endaweni yaso futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kuka 76,17 kwezigidi ezingu km, okuyinto 20% abantu embulungeni yonke. Ngakho yiziphi izimfihlo iqhawe okuyimfihlakalo ezitolo zethu? Sizokwenza baqonde kamuva.

Ukwaziswa Okumayelana indawo

Ngo ngasenyakatho, izona ocean Asia ongaqondakali, empumalanga - entsha e-Australia, entshonalanga - ilanga Afrika, futhi eningizimu - the nesithwathwa Antarctica. ³⁰ Meridian enyakatho nenkabazwe kuyinto iphuzu esiphezulu e-Indian Ocean. It iseningizimu ePersian Gulf. 20 ^{ngasempumalanga} longitude amafomu Meridian komngcele Atlantic Ocean laba yingxenye yolwandle iPacific - ^mayelana 55 146 we-longitude efanayo. Ubude-Indian Ocean - 100,000 km.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana nomlando

Ezinye izindawo yamandulo atholiwe ngokunembile ogwini hero yethu. Abacwaningi baye bame kwelokuthi omunye navigation lokuqala lagcwaliseka phezu kwamanzi kwe-Indian Ocean, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 6. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe amatilosi Arab ocean umzila. Ulwazi lokuqala ezindawo uvele 90s kwekhulu le-15, phakathi nokuphila Vasco de Gama, owokuqala emlandweni wakunqoba indlela besuka eYurophu beya e-India. Nguye kutjelwa ubuhle ezingenakubalwa amanzi, okuye kwenza i-Indian Ocean.

ocean ukujula sasibalwa ngokokuqala Itilosi lokuqala elidume umhlaba wonke 'uJames Cook, ezazidume ngokutshala kohambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke nokwatholakala eziningi emkhakheni lwesifundo. Hlola ocean ezicini zonke, owaqala ekhulwini XIX, omunye amalungu mikhankaso abadumile British Furrow expanses engapheli emkhunjini adumile "Challenger".

Yiliphi izwe ubizwa wageza ngu-Indian Ocean?

Lokhu izona giant lenqwaba uthi, kokubili ezweni nemisinga eya esiqhingini.

amazwe Continental kwe-Indian Ocean:

- India;

- Australia;

- Thailand;

- Saudi Arabia;

- Iran;

- Iraq;

- Indonesia;

- eGibithe;

- Somalia;

- Kenya;

- South Africa;

- Pakistan;

- United Arab Emirates;

- Myanmar;

- Malaysia;

- Mozambique;

- Bangladesh;

- Oman.

Indian Ocean esiqhingini izwe:

- Mauritius;

- Maldives;

- Sri Lanka;

- Madagascar;

- Seychelles.

Nasi elikhulu Indian Ocean ezinjalo.

I olwandle ukujula

Indian Ocean has ukubunjwa yayo kwezilwandle ezinhlanu. Bakha ukujula endaweni hero yethu. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, oLwandle Arabian ingenye ejulile e-Indian Ocean. Iphuzu okuphawulekayo maphakathi no-ocean emikhulu, e isikhungo salo, lapho esigodini nemifantu itholakala. Ukujula ngenhla akukho ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, bese 3600 m. Iphuzu ejulile-Indian Ocean iseduze esiqhingini Java ku-Sunda Trench, futhi 7455 m. Ngokungafani elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, akwanele, ngenxa 11.022 m ukujula walo omkhulu. ( Mariana Trench).

Indian Ocean Climate

Iningi olwandle kule esishintshashintshayo ezishisayo, enkabazwe kanye subequatorial, eningizimu nje endaweni yayo itholakala zindawo eziphakeme.

Climate eziphephweni kukhona imimoya yangezinkathi ezithile, futhi engxenyeni esenyakatho olwandle. Kule ndawo kukhona zonyaka ezimbili: efudumele, Ubusika ezolile futhi kushisa, liyana, liguqubele ehlobo eziyaluzelayo. Ngaseningizimu iphatha imimoya southeast ukuhweba. Ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele, njalo owandile umoya onamandla entshonalanga. kwezulu Maximum kwenzeka e zone enkabazwe (mayelana 3000 mm ngonyaka). Ubuncane - ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, Arabian Gulf.

usawoti

amagugu enkulu yama usawoti bamanzi kobuso-Indian Ocean - oLwandle Olubomvu futhi Gulf (41%). Libuye libe isilinganiso sasivumela eliphezulu usawoti waphawula endaweni eseningizimu ezishisayo esempumalanga. Njengoba thina iphokophele eBay of Bengal kuncipha kakhulu - kufike ku-34%.

It kuncike kakhulu okwandisa izinga usawoti kwezulu kanye ukuhwamuka.

Ubuncane ukusebenza nobuntu amanzi Antarctic. Njengomthetho, leso sici kule ndawo kuthinta ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okwakungokokuqala ngqá.

lokushisa

Indian Ocean lokushisa phezu kwamanzi ^imayelana 29 C. Lokhu eliphakeme. Ngaphansi ebonwe Afrika olwandle, lapho lingaphakathi Somali - + 22-23 ^C. Ngesikhathi yenkabazwe, izinga lokushisa emhlabeni amanzi ezomhlaba + 26-28 ^C. Uma hambisa eningizimu, ifinyelela -1 ^{° C} (at Antarctica osogwini olusenyakatho).

Iqhaza layo kufanele ukuba ushintsho lokushisa senziwa kanye zeqhwa ukuthi ezimweni ezingavamile insimu ukubhukuda Ezindaweni eningizimu.

Njengoba singabona, nezinga lokushisa kwe-Indian Ocean sisonke kuphezulu, yingakho hero yethu futhi ukhishwa isihloko "olwandle olufudumele emhlabeni."

Usebe lwesiqhingi

Indian Ocean has amatheku 19 (3 okungesabo baze bafika eLwandle Olubomvu):

1. Gulf of Aden. Kuqakatheke eyanele emnothweni. It is esetshenziswa ukuthutha igesi namafutha e-Europe. Bay ixhunywe Bab-el-Mandeb Strait eya eLwandle Olubomvu. Iyingxenye ebalulekile Sea Arabian. Ubude kuba 890 skwele. Eminyakeni yamuva, ensimini ka eGulf of Aden, emacaleni pirate ukuphanga.
2. Omkhulu Bight Australia. Ubude - ayizinkulungwane 1335 amakhilomitha square .. Ukujula - 5670 km. Bay osuka eWestern Cape Cape, elise Tasmania.
3. Carpentaria. Ukujula -. 69 m bay kungokwalabo Sea Arafura. It juts ezweni lakwa-km 600.
4. Ushaka. Kutholwe 650 km kusuka edolobheni lasePerth. Zonke amatheku kwe-Indian Ocean babe umlando abo nezici, Shark - ungoyedwa Heritage yayo hlobo. Minyaka yonke, ubuhle bemvelo, edonsela 120,000 izivakashi ngonyaka.
5. Spencer. It elise South Australia. ubude bayo - 322 km, ububanzi - 129 km. Izona York Peninsula futhi Eyre.
6. Van Diemen. Waqamba igama layo owathola Abela Tasman yokudumisa Governor-Jikelele Anthony van Diemen. Bay Area kuyinto 14.000 sq. km.
7. Manza. Esisogwini olusentshonalanga yaseTanzania, 16 km ukusuka edolobheni Tanga.
8. ITheku Cambay. Ingabe i sezentengiselwano ezibalulekile, uxhuma yemizila yohwebo kwe-Indian Ocean neNdiya. Ubude kuyinto 130 km.
9. Gulf of Oman. Ixhuma Gulf kuya oLwandle Arabian. ubude bayo - 45 km, ububanzi - 330 km, ukujula - 3695 km.
10. Zhosef Bonaparte. Ogama lakhe behlonipha umfowabo ngingowokuqala Napoleon. nendawo ethize 26780 amakhilomitha square. Kulesi bay kukhona Oilfield eziningi.
11. Maputo. ubude bayo - 112 km, i-ka-ukujula - 16 m, ububanzi - 40 km. Kulesi bay kahle zokudoba athuthukile, ikakhulukazi ukudoba nezimfanzi.
12. Saint Vincent. Omunye amatheku ngobukhulu e sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Australia.
13. Gulf. Amasu sikawoyela. Kuyinto inhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu geopolitical. Area - 233.000 amakhilomitha square, ukujula - 75 m, ububanzi - 320 km, ubude - 925 km.
14. Tajura. Izona Djibouti neSomalia. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo NI Ashinova emzaneni yayakhiwe endaweni yayo ngaphansi kwegama "okusha eMoscow".
15. Phang Nga. Kuyinto ethandwa kakhulu yizivakashi. Area - 400 sq. km.
16. ITheku Martaban. Ugeza ogwini Myanmar. Ubude - km 150 eside - 220 km, i-ka-ukujula - 20 m.
17. ITheku Mannar. Izitshalo abacebe nezilwane e-Indian Ocean. Ikhaya ukuze phezu 3,500 kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi. pearling athuthukisiwe. National Park yasungulwa endaweni Gulf, kamuva wavuma inqolobane uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Amatheku uLwandle Olubomvu enyakatho-Indian Ocean

1. Aqaba. Eminyakeni yamuva resort usezuze ukubaluleka. Ubude - 175 km, ububanzi - 29 km. West Bank kungokwalabo IGibhithe, i-East - Saudi Arabia, North - Jordan no-Israyeli.
2. Makadi. It izivakashi kugcwele emabhishi ayo ekhexisayo. Ingabe bay isingamakhilomitha km 30 ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu.
3. Gulf of Suez. Asian Sinaiysky ehlukanisa enhlonhlweni kusuka Afrika. Ubude - 290 km, ububanzi - 55 km.

impumuzo

Impumuzo kwe-Indian Ocean libhekene we yokhalo ngokuthi Indian emaphakathi yokhalo Ukujula kwawo. Ibanga kanye olusentshonalanga ezwekazini laseNdiya. I okungenhla ukujula avareji kuba 3.5 km. Kwezinye izindawo kuyehla futhi cishe 2.4 km. Ngemva kwalokhu yokhalo liyahlukana. Leli igatsha lokuqala uya ngasempumalanga futhi ifinyelela ensimini ka elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, cishe ngokuthinta Antarctica, luphele Southeast Indian Ridge, i-zazo ukujula - 3.5 km.

Enye legatsha iya Antarctica kuya eningizimu futhi iphela yokhalo ngokuthi Kargelen-Gausberg, ukujula ubuncane ngenhla okuyinto - 0.5 km, esiphezulu - 2.3 km.

Central Indian Ocean yokhalo ihlukane izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene obujwayelekile: esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga. Esisogwini Insimu empumalanga Indo-Australia futhi weSouth Australian Basin, ukujula zazo kuhluka 500 kuya 7455 m. Ngo engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yesifundazwe Indo-Australian Basin iyona ukucindezeleka ejulile, okuyinto ine-Indian Ocean. I olwandle ukujula, ngokunembile, iphuzu zayo eliphakeme, iseduze esiqhingini Java (7455 m).

Phansi e-Indian Ocean ngo-engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye impumuzo sihluke kakhulu empumalanga, ke luyindida ngaphezulu isakhiwo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-yokugcina ngokuvamile eyenziwa nokwanda okuphawulekayo phansi (ngezithukuthuku ukuthi ezimweni eziningi ukhiqiza usayizi encane esiqhingini) nelungiselelo engalingani nezitsha.

umcengezi enyakatho Esiqhingini saseMadagascar itholakala ngokuthi waseSomalia, ukujula okuyinto 5.2 km. Eningizimu lesi siqhingi iyinkangala, igama Crozet, ezungezwe nxazonke nezitsha. Ukujula phezu kwalo kuyinto 2.5 km. Uma ukuthuthela enyakatho-mpumalanga, kukhona Central Indian Basin. Ukujula phezu kwalo kuyinto 5.5 km. Phakathi Madagascar kanye Crozet Islands, kancane kuyo inyakatho, kuba ukucindezeleka ngokuthi Madagascar nge ka 5,78 km ukujula. Eningizimu - umcengezi okuqondene-Cape Agulhas, ukujula zazo - 5.5 km. Relief-Indian Ocean maqondana Antarctic libhekene Ukushiywa phansi. I kwendawo ukujula ifinyelela 5.8 km.

Biota

Nature Indian Ocean ahlukahlukene futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu. Lihlala izilwane nezimila zijwayele isomiso njalo kanye nezikhukhula.

Abaningi ogwini ezishisayo-Indian Ocean ethulwa lomhlume noma Rhizophora (imihlume). Kwezilwane ensimini uhlalwe izinhlobo eziningi of izinkalankala. Fish ngokuthi mudskipper uhlala cishe yonke lomhlume endaweni kwe-Indian Ocean.

Emanzini angashoni yamakhorali tropical ujwayelene nokuphila ku izinhlanzi zabo ezingenamgogodla eziningi.

Zokuzamazama esipholile ikhule nsundu, oluhlaza futhi ulwelwe obomvu, iningi lawo kelp futhi fucus mikrotsistisy. Phakathi phytoplankton ubuswa diatoms, futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo - peridinians.

I isikhuphashe edume kakhulu, okuyizinto oqavile ngaphezulu e-Indian Ocean, kukhona copepods. Namuhla sekunamabandla angaphezu kuka-20,000 zinhlobo. Ibe isilandelwa phakathi ngezilwane ezihlala olwandle, kukhona jellyfish futhi squid. Phakathi izinhlanzi eyaziwa tuna, sailfish, endizayo, Dorado futhi anchovies elikhanyayo.

endaweni ekhethiwe olwandle nezinhlobo yingozi. Sharks, izingwenya nezinyoka ezinesihlungu ntombazane njalo ukwesaba bendawo.

Phakathi ezincelisayo e-Indian Ocean ubuswa amahlengethwa, imikhomo, ama-dugong nezimpawu. Izinyoni - penguins, albatross nezinyoni frigate.

indawo yokubhukuda

Swimming pool Indian Ocean wehlukile ngempela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa emifuleni Afrika - neZambezi naseLimpopo; imifula emikhulu Asian - lase-Irrawaddy, Salween; I-Ewufrathe Tiger, okuyinto uhlangane nomunye ngenhla nje confluence Gulf; Indus uyothela oLwandle Arabian.

ukudoba Ukudoba kanye saltwater

imisebenzi yezomnotho sabantu ugu waziphatha isikhathi eside. Kuze kube namuhla, ukudoba kwasolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba umnotho emazweni amaningi, okuyinto bahlanza yi-Indian Ocean. I olwandle ukujula ihlinzeka izipho ocebile kubantu, isibonelo, Sri Lanka, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Australia futhi Bahrain Islands uya ukukhiqiza kakhulu nacre nangamaparele.

Eduze Antarctica abantu amatasa Whaling, futhi eduze nenkabazwe Kwenziwa tuna.

Ngo-Gulf, elise imithombo obuningi kawoyela, kokubili ensimini ugu, nangaphansi kwamanzi.

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we-Indian Ocean

Izinto ezenziwa abantu kuye kwaholela emiphumeleni emibi. amanzi Ocean kakhulu angcolile, okuyinto kancane kancane kuholela ukuqothulwa kwezinye zezinhlobo ngezinto eziphila olwandle. Ngokwesibonelo, nezinhlobo eziningana whale ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 ezazingaphansi kwawo usongo lokuqothulwa. Kakhulu kwanciphisa inani sei futhi isidoda imikhomo.

In the 80s kwekhulu lama-20 ngo-Commission on Whaling laqanjwa ukuvinjelwa Imininingwane ku abazingela kubo. Ukwephula umisa ngokuqinile ajeziswe ngokomthetho. Kodwa ngo-2010, ngaphansi kwethonya amazwe ezifana eJapane, Denmark, Iceland, ukuvinjelwa, ngeshwa, it sahoxiswa.

ingozi Omkhulu ukuba izilwane zasolwandle iyona nokungcoliswa uwoyela olwandle, zonke izinhlobo nuclear waste futhi izinsimbi ezisindayo. Futhi, phesheya kolwandle kuyindlela uwoyela emathangini avuzayo abahlebayo lwamafutha Gulf eYurophu. Uma konke engozini okungazelelwe kwenzeka ezintweni zokuthutha ezinjalo, lokho kuyoholela uyaca zezakhamuzi kwamanzi.

Funda womhlaba ngempela ezithakazelisayo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ubuhle nabakhileyo zasolwandle. Lezi zifundo enemininingwane kakhulu e-Indian Ocean 7 ekilasini esikoleni olunzulu. Izingane ngentshiseko ulalele konke uthisha uthi ngalokhu giant amahle ongaqondakali, okuyinto agcwele ukuhlukahluka izimila nezilwane ocebile.