Izitho kwegazi: izici, imisebenzi. Izifo sokuhamba kwegazi

Ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu zitholakala ngokweqile, izitho zokugaya, kwegazi, ukuzwa nokunye. Bonke abathintekayo ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza evamile umzimba. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo wenza imisebenzi ukhiye sokuhamba kwegazi. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Uhlolojikelele

Ukusakazwa esivusa okuqhubekayo legazi ngokusebenzisa irherho le-closed. Liqinisekisa umoya-mpilo ezicutshini namaseli. Nokho, lokhu akukhona yonke imisebenzi sokuhamba kwegazi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo kwamangqamuzana nezicubu fed umsoco, amavithamini, nosawoti, amanzi, ama-hormone. Basuke zihilelekile ukususwa imikhiqizo ekupheleni umzimba, kulondolozwe izinga lokushisa emzimbeni njalo.

Biology, Ibanga 8: Izitho kwegazi

Ukwazana lokuqala ne Sakhiwo sangekhatsi umzimba senzeka esikoleni. Abafundi musa nje ufunde ukuthi kukhona izitho kwegazi. Ibanga 8 kuhilela ekutadisheni ngezindlela zazo, ekuxhumaneni nezinye izakhi zomzimba womuntu. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono izingane isihloko ahlinzekwa izikimu elula. Bona kuboniswe ngokucacile lokho izitho kwegazi sendoda ungaba. Isikimu kwangaphakathi imodeli umzimba kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita.

Lokho libhekisela isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi?

Ngokuyinhloko inhliziyo. Kuthathwa ngokuthi umzimba omkhulu ohlelweni. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe kwakuyoba yize ukungabi khona imithambo yegazi ukuthi zikhona zonke ezicutshini zomzimba. Kungenxa kuye ukuze uthumele igazi nomsoco kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Imikhumbi angusayizi ohlukile futhi ububanzi. Kukhona omkhulu - emithanjeni yegazi, futhi kukhona encane - capillary.

inhliziyo

It imelelwa isitho eziyize kwemisipha. Inhliziyo has emakamelweni ezine: Atria ezimbili (kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla) futhi inani elifanayo ventricles. Zonke lezi izikhala kuthiwa bahlukana ngodonga. I-ATRIUM kwesokudla futhi ventricle zidluliselwa nomunye ngokusebenzisa tricuspid washiya - ngokusebenzisa valve butterfly. inhliziyo osukhulile unesisindo esingamathani okuyisilinganiso sabangu-250 amagremu (abesifazane) kanye 330 g (amadoda). Ubude umzimba - mayelana 10-15 cm, futhi ubukhulu bawo transverse - 8-11 cm, kusukela phambili kuya ezingemuva odongeni obuphelele imayelana 6-8.5 cm Umqulu isilinganiso amadoda inhliziyo -. 700-900 cm ^3, abesifazane - 500-600 cm ³ .

Ngokucacile wenhliziyo

I yangaphandle umzimba odongeni imisipha kwakhiwa. isakhiwo sayo kufana isakhiwo kwemisipha striated. Nokho, imisipha senhliziyo, uyakwazi ukwenza inkontileka atishaye kungakhathaliseki umthelela zangaphandle. Lokhu kungenxa pulses ezenzeka emzimbeni.

umjikelezo

Umsebenzi inhliziyo eyikho umjovo we lwemithambo igazi eligeleza ngokusebenzisa emithanjeni yakhe. Umzimba kuyehla mayelana 70-75 izikhathi / imiz. uphumule. Kumayelana isikhathi 0.8 imizuzwana. ukusebenza okuqhubekayo yomzimba yakhiwa imijikelezo. Ngamunye wabo kuhilela ukusikwa (systole) nokungcebeleka (diastole). Kunezinhlobo ezintathu izigaba inhliziyo:

1. systole atrial. Lenza 0.1 imizuzwana.
2. Ukusikwa we ventricles. Kuthatha imizuzwana 0.3.
3. Ubude ukuphumula - diastole. Lenza imizuzwana 0.4.

Phakathi naso sonke umjikelezo, ngakho umsebenzi atrial ihlala 0.1 imizuzwana, futhi aziphumulele zabo -. Imizuzwana 0.7. Ventricles ka 0.3 imizuzwana, kanti bonke abanye - 0.5 isekhondi. Lokhu kubangela imisipha ikhono ukusebenza kukho konke ukuphila.

imikhumbi

ukusebenza okuphezulu wenhliziyo lihlotshaniswa nasekuqiniseni igazi layo supply. Kuyinto ngenxa yegazi kuyoshaya yilo. Cishe ama-10% igazi eligeleza ku le-aorta kusukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele, ingena phakathi kwemithambo ukuthi ukondla inhliziyo. Cishe bonke athwala umoya-mpilo ezicutshini nezinye izakhi zomzimba. igazi emithambo yegazi ethwala kuphela Umthambo yamaphaphu. Isitsha odongeni siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu:

1. udonga lwangaphandle zezinzwa.
2. Central, ezakhiwe imisipha bushelelezi futhi imicu enwebekayo yezicubu okuyinto.
3. Inner kwakhiwa sezicubu zezinzwa futhi endothelium.

Human lwemithambo ubukhulu ungaphakathi uhla 0.4-2.5 cm. Ngokwesilinganiso, inani legazi ivolumu okukukho 950 ml. Imithambo azikhandle off ezincane - arteriole. Nazo ngokufanayo, seningene capillary. Lemigwamanda abhekwa ukuzungeza kulencane. I ububanzi we-capillary akuyona ezingaphezu kuka 0,005 mm. Bona zingene zonke izicubu kanye izitho. Capillary ukunikeza elibona nxazonke arteriole ne ama-venule. Izindonga izitsha kulencane igazi aqukethe amaseli endothelial. Ngabo benana amagesi kanye nezinye izinto. Emithanjeni athwala igazi baceba carbon dioxide equkethe imikhiqizo umzimba, ama-hormone, kanye nezinye izakhi kusuka izitho ukuze inhliziyo. Izindonga lezizitsha kuhluke ubuhlakani nakalula. emithanjeni okulingene nezincane babe valve. Bona ukuvimbela igazi eligeleza emuva.

imibuthano

Igazi izitho kwegazi zazibizwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni njengoba 1628 senhliziyo wesifunda ezincelisayo nezinhlobo indoda kuyilapho yafunda udokotela oyiNgisi W. Harvey. Wathola ukuthi igazi emizimbeni kwegazi yakha tindilinga letimbili - ezincane nezinkulu. Yehluka nomunye izinjongo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona umbuthano lwesithathu, inhliziyo okuthiwa. It inhliziyo ikhonza ngqo. Iqala umbuthano nemithambo yegazi yenhliziyo esukela aorta. Iphela umbuthano lwesithathu emithanjeni inhliziyo. Bona bukhomba ku itheku-coronary, eyisa uthululela phakathi ATRIUM kwesokudla. Okunye emithanjeni bayingxenye ingaphakathi yayo ngqo.

indilinga encane

Ngalo, uxhumana zokuphefumula futhi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Circle ezincane futhi ngokuthi yamaphaphu. Linikeza igazi ahlanganiswe oksijini emaphashini. Iqala emjikelezweni kusukela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla. igazi emithambo yegazi ihamba sesihlahla yamaphaphu. It ihlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amabili. Ngamunye wabo ithwala igazi, ngokulandelana, ukuze iphaphu sokunene nesobunxele. Phakathi kwalezi imithambo washintsha ku-capillary. Amanethiwekhi semithambo okuyinto entwine vesicles yamaphaphu, igazi unika carbon dioxide futhi ithola umoya-mpilo. Kuba obubomvu egcina capillary emithanjeni yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlanganyela nabo izitsha yamaphaphu ezine futhi iyangena ATRIUM kwesokunxele. Lapha, eqinisweni, indilinga lencane uphela. Tholakele ATRIUM igazi odabula ukuvulwa atrioventricular e-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Yingakho oyibanga iqala. Ngakho, imithambo yamaphaphu baphathe pooling eyeqile umthambo - igazi ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni.

oyibanga

Luhilela zonke izitho kwegazi, ngaphezu izitsha yamaphaphu. Umbuthano omkhulu ubizwa nangokuthi ukhoporali. Iqoqa igazi emithanjeni yomzimba engenhla nengezansi futhi ihambisa i-ekhipha igazi enhliziyweni. Iqala emjikelezweni kusukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Igazi lakhe agelezela aorta. Kuthathwa isitsha ngobukhulu. Igazi lwemithambo iqukethe wonke izinto ezidingekayo ukuze ukuphila umzimba, kanye nomoya-mpilo. I-aorta ihlukane imithambo. Aya zonke izicubu emzimbeni, seningene arteriole bese ukuba capillary. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, uxhumeke kwi-ama-venule bese emithanjeni. Ngokusebenzisa capillary odongeni kwenzeka exchange amagesi futhi izinto. igazi Arterial ucosha umoya-mpilo futhi ukunika imikhiqizo umzimba, nesikhutha. liquid emithambo yegazi has umbala obomvu ezijulile. Nezitsha uxhumeke kwi-cava vena - iziqu ezinkulu. Awela ATRIUM kwesokudla. Kukhona anhlobonhlobo kuphela.

Movement of izitsha

Ukuze noma yiluphi uketshezi kungenxa umehluko ingcindezi. I emikhulu kuba, ayanda izinga. Ngokufanayo, ezihambayo igazi ngokusebenzisa izitsha imiphakathi ezincane nezinkulu. Ingcindezi kuleli cala wadala Kufinyeta zenhliziyo. I-aorta ne-ventricle kwesokunxele kuyinto kunaleyo ATRIUM kwesokudla kanye emithanjeni eziyize. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhamba ketshezi kanye nezitsha mbuthano. I Umthambo yamaphaphu futhi kwesokudla ingcindezi ventricular kuphezulu, futhi ATRIUM kwesokunxele bese emithanjeni yamaphaphu - ongaphakeme. Ngenxa umehluko ezinyakazayo yenzeka indilinga lencane. Ingcindezi enkulu e imithambo esikhulu aorta. Le nkomba ingahlalisekanga. Ngokuhamba ukugeleza kwegazi kusukela yokucindezela amandla kudliwe ngomshikisho ukwehlisa igazi semithambo udonga. Kule ndaba, uqala wehlise kancane kancane. Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile, le nqubo kwenzeka e-capillary kanye kwemithambo emincane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zitsha babe ukumelana enkulu. Ingcindezi emithambo yegazi uyaqhubeka ukuze wehlise bese iba izitsha eziyize njengoba asemkhathini noma ephansi.

isivinini ukuhamba

Izici sokuhamba kwegazi ku isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi kanye nosayizi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikhuluma imithambo ke ububanzi isiteshi kuzoncika velocity we uketshezi. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke njengoba kwathiwa ngenhla, kubhekwa elikuyi-aorta. Lena isitsha kuphela nge-track eye yasakazwa kabanzi. Ngokusebenzisa sidlule lonke igazi ephuma i-ventricle engakwesobunxele. Futhi lokhu kubangela ngesivinini esiphezulu umkhumbi - 500 mm / umzuzwana. Imithambo azikhandle off zenziwe kancane kancane. Ngenxa yalokho, velocity therein kuyehla kube 0.5 mm / umzuzwana. e-capillary. Ngalesi sikhathi ukunikeza igazi nomsoco kanye nomoya-mpilo compounds futhi iqoqe imikhiqizo umzimba. flow capillary kubangelwa ushintsho mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi kwemithambo emincane. Ngezinye ukunwetshwa yabo inyuka zamanje, ukuvaleka - buthakathaka. Emincane kakhulu izitho kwegazi - capillary - ivezwa ngamanani amakhulu. Kubantu, kunemithala engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40. Ngesikhathi esifanayo imvume yabo Imininingwane enkulu yomthambo i-aorta izikhathi 800. Noma kunjalo velocity we unamanzi kubo sincane kakhulu. Vienna, eduze inhliziyo abe makhulu futhi coalesce. Isifinyezo mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi is lehla, kodwa ngesilinganiso ukugeleza kwegazi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-capillary iyakhula. Govuza emithanjeni ngenxa umehluko ingcindezi. Igazi ukugeleza siqondiswe inhliziyo, okuyinto ekunciphiseni kwemisipha lwamathambo kanye umsebenzi esifubeni. Ngakho, ngesikhathi ugqozi umehluko ingcindezi ekuqaleni nasekupheleni the emithambo yegazi uhlelo iyakhula. Nge zokunciphisa lwamathambo imisipha kwenzeka emithanjeni. Lelisu liphinde likhuthaze igazi ligeleze inhliziyo.

isimo sokugembula

Tifo letibangwa isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi izibalo manje hlala yezindawo zokuqala. Ngokuvamile izimo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo kuholele ukuqedela ukukhubazeka. Izizathu lapho kukhona omunye ukwephula kukhona ezininginingi. Izilonda singenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi izitsha inhliziyo negazi ezahlukene. kwegazi izifo uhlelo uxilongwe kubantu zobudala obuhlukene futhi ngihlanganyele ubulili. Nokho, Ngokwezibalo, kwezinye izimo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo kungenzeka esiningi abesifazane, kuyilapho abanye - kwabesilisa.

izimpawu yokunqotshwa

Izifo sokuhamba kwegazi kulandele izikhalazo ezihlukahlukene iziguli. Ngokuvamile izimpawu evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izimo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo futhi Akakhulumi ukuba yikuphi ukwephula ethize. Enough izimo ezivamile kubhekwe lapho kusaqalwa lo okuvela ukwephula umuntu alibonisi izikhalazo. Ezinye kwegazi izifo uhlelo uxilongwe ngengozi. Nokho, ulwazi mayelana izimpawu ezivamile evumela ukuhlonza esifike zokugula futhi ukukulungisa kusaqalwa. Izifo kungase kuhambisane:

• Ukuphelelwa ngumoya.
• Ubuhlungu benhliziyo.
• Ukuvuvukala.
• Cyanosis nokunye.

ukushaya kwenhliziyo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu abayimiqemane ungazizwa Kufinyeta senhliziyo yakho uphumule. Ningezwa palpitations futhi fiznagruzki omnene. Nokho, izithelo zawo ngisho abantu abayimiqemane uyozizwa ukushaya kwenhliziyo. eshayayo kwalo kungabhekwa iyakhula lapho egijima, ukuyaluza, ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Kuhlukile kulabo abantu abanezinkinga kanye lezitsha inhliziyo noma igazi. Palpitations , bangakwazi bazizwe futhi ngezinye khanya layisha, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho uphumule. Imbangela enkulu yalesi simo ubhekwa ukuhlukumeza umsebenzi contractile zomzimba. Heartbeat kulokhu indlela compensatory. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlukumeza wathi elilodwa umzimba ukusikwa Ufaka ku ivolumu elikuyi-aorta ezincane wegazi kuka kuyadingeka. Ngakho-ke, inhliziyo ingena imodi olunzulu. Lena nomthelela omubi kakhulu kuso, ngoba isigaba aziphumulele is kakhulu mfushane. Ngakho, inhliziyo uhlezi esingaphansi okufanele kube ngayo. Phakathi ukuphumula iDemo izinqubo kwamakhemikhali kudingekile ukuba ngilulame awunaso isikhathi okudingeka badlule kulo. ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo ngokuthi tachycardia.

ubuhlungu

Lokhu uphawu esihambisana izifo eziningi. Ngakho kwezinye izimo ubuhlungu inhliziyo kungase kube uphawu oyinhloko (isb, ischemia), futhi abanye - engenaye isici kokunquma. Ngo CHD nobuhlungu obubangelwa enganele kwegazi imisipha yenhliziyo. Pathology Ukubonakaliswa ngokwanele ecacile. Ubuhlungu has imvelo contractive, ubude emifushane (imizuzu 3-5), paroxysmal, kwenzeka ngokuvamile fiznagruzki ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Isimo esifanayo singenzeka ngephupho. Ngokuvamile umuntu ozwa ubuhlungu ezinjalo, ukuthatha isikhundla ehlezi, futhi kunjani. kuba khona okuhlaselayo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi angina ukuphumula. Nezinye izifo, ubuhlungu akudingeki wawubonakalisa ecace ngale ndlela. Ngokuvamile ibekwa ezidabukile futhi uya izikhathi ezahlukene. Abanaso a umfutho high. Lapho lo mphumela cupping ku yokwamukela imithi ethile ingekho. Lobo buhlungu uphelezela zokugula ezahlukene. Phakathi kwabo kukhona isifo senhliziyo, pericarditis, myocarditis, umfutho ophezulu wegazi kanye nokunye. Ubuhlungu endaweni inhliziyo abunakuhlotshaniswa nezifo sokuhamba kwegazi. Ngokwesibonelo, basuke kwatholakala ukuthi unesifo samakhaza kwesokunxele Emaceleni, osteochondrosis we wesibeletho thoracic, intercostal neuralgia, myositis, nokunye.

Ukuphazamiseka umsebenzi inhliziyo

Kuleli zinga umuntu uzizwa umsebenzi umzimba bokungafani. It kubonakala ngesimo lantambama, eqinile isiteleka esifushane, ayeke, njll abanye abantu, lezi ukuphazamiseka ezingajwayelekile, abanye -. Isikhathi eside Okuningi futhi ngezinye izikhathi unomphela. Ngokuvamile, lezi emizweni ephelezelwa tachycardia. Kwezinye izimo, amaphutha bese uphawu isigqi ngezikhathi ezithile. Izizathu beats (ukunciphisa okungavamile), fibrillation atrial (ukulahlekelwa Rhythmic inhliziyo umsebenzi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukumeza Ingase ithanyelwe imisipha Umqhubi uhlelo nomzimba.

Ukuhlanzeka wenhliziyo

umsebenzi ojwayelekile nzile umzimba kungenzeka kuphela isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi evuthiwe enempilo. Izinga ukugeleza inquma degree kwezicubu kudingekile ukunikezela umfutho compounds nokususwa yalezi imikhiqizo umzimba. Phakathi umsebenzi ngokomzimba ukufuneka-mpilo inyuka ngesikhathi esifanayo ne ukwanda kwenhliziyo. Ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka neziyaluyalu aqeqeshwe umzimba kwemisipha. Kuze kube yimanje, ochwepheshe batusa ekuseni ukwenza izivivinyo. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi labo bantu omisebenzi awahlobene fiznagruzki. umphumela Greater phezu umsebenzi iqala, uma benza ngaphandle. Ngokuvamile, odokotela batusa ukuhamba ngaphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ngokweqile ukucindezeleka psycho-ngokomzwelo nangokomzimba zingaphazamisa umsebenzi evamile zenhliziyo. Kule ndaba kufanele kwenzeke ukuba sigweme ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka. Catching umsebenzi ngokomzimba, kubalulekile ukukhetha umthwalo amakhono umzimba sokuboshwa. Kuvele nomphumela omubi kakhulu emsebenzini umzimba, i-nicotine, utshwala, izidakamizwa. Abulala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi inhliziyo, okubangela kuwukwephula ezibucayi ukulawulwa ithoni semithambo. Ngenxa yalokho, bangase ukuthuthukisa izifo ezinzima sokuhamba kwegazi, ezinye zazo ziyabulala. Abantu abasebenzisa utshwala nokubhema kukhona zibe kwande semithambo. Kule ndaba kubalulekile ukuba bangayeki imikhuba emibi futhi usize ngazo zonke izindlela ukuba inhliziyo yakhe.