Imihlola Optical (Physics, Ibanga 8). Atmosphere mkhuba optical. imihlola Optical kanye namadivayisi

Sekuyisikhathi eside utalagu, anombala ocwazimulayo sibalo emoyeni zizwa ngalokhu abantu besaba kakhulu. Kulezi zinsuku, ososayensi baye bathola abaningi izimfihlakalo bemvelo, kuhlanganise imihlola optical. Azizange kusimangaze izimfihlakalo zemvelo, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside wafunda. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme namuhla optical imihlola physics ebangeni 8, ngakho ukuqonda ubunjalo bangakuqinisa yimuphi umfundi.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Izazi eziningi zasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi iso womuntu ubona izinto ngokusebenzisa umuzwa we tentacles ayetholakala. Yokukhanya ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola isifundiso umbono.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi wafunda yokukhanya ukukhanya essence yayo.

Namuhla yokukhanya - ke siyingxenye ye physics ukuthi etadisha ukusatshalaliswa ukukhanya oku ezihlukahlukene abezindaba kanye nokuxhumana yayo nezinye izinto. Zonke izindaba eziphathelene umbono, ukuhlola i-optic bokuphila.

imihlola Optical njengoba - kuwukubonakaliswa izenzo ahlukahlukene uzibophezele ngemisebe yokukhanya. Ukulitadisha kwabo yokukhanya ozungeze umhlaba wethu.

izinqubo UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki emkhathini

Iplanethi EwuMhlaba lizungezwe igobolondo igesi, ngokuthi umkhathi. ukujiya Its namakhulu amakhilomitha. Eduzane emkhathini woMhlaba is luthe ukuqina phezulu buhlanjululwe. Izakhiwo njalo siguqula igobolondo asemkhathini, izingqimba uhlanganise. Shintsha ukufundwa lokushisa. Kwabantu, degree of obala shift.

Kusukela ekuphumeni kwelanga nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini maqondana emhlabeni imisebe yokukhanya. Badlula ngokusebenzisa emkhathini woMhlaba, okuyinto ngabo kuyinto ethize uhlelo optical olushintsha izici zayo. imisebe yokukhanya ziyabonakala, zihlakazeke, zidlula lapho ingena emkhathini we, cover emhlabathini. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, indlela ugongolo bent, ngakho kukhona ezihlukahlukene imihlola. Lasekuqaleni kakhulu optical imihlola zesayensi cabanga:

• kwelanga kwelanga;
• ukubukeka rainbow;
• Northern Lights;
• utalagu;
• halo.

Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Halo emhlabeni Sun.

Igama elithi "Halo" kusho YesiGreki "Umbuthano". Yini buyinto optical ekubangelayo?

Halo - kuyinto inqubo reflection kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ray abasafufusa ifu zinhlayiya okusezingeni eliphezulu emkhathini. Kubukeka sengathi nomphumela elikhazimulayo emhlabeni imisebe, elinganiselwe ngezikhawu kwelanga ebumnyameni. Ngokuvamile halo kwakheka ukuze zasezindaweni kungenzeka abawandulela bangenkathi.

Amaconsi amanzi abamba izinhlayiya ubungoma esimweni emoyeni futhi uthathe ilungelo ukuma nezibhebhe ne izinhlangothi eziyisithupha. Wonke umuntu ejwayelene icicles ukuthi avele aphansi izingqimba ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ngenhla ice izinaliti enjalo makehle ngokukhululekile ohlangothini mpo. Crystal icicles ejikeleza, phansi emhlabeni, futhi babe ilungiselelo parallel ngenhlonipho emhlabathini. Man uqondisa umbono ngokusebenzisa zinhlayiya, okuyinto abe lens futhi refracts ukukhanya.

Okunye amaphrizimu etholwe flat noma ibukeke inkanyezi ngaphakathi ngemishayo eziyisithupha. Rays yokukhanya ehlela phezu zinhlayiya, awukwazi ibhekane kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona noma baba nezinye izinqubo. It thukela kwenzeka ukuthi zonke izinqubo abonakala, ngokuvamile umuntu noma enye ingxenye lomkhuba kuzibonakalisa ngokucace kakhudlwana, kuyilapho abanye kabi emelelwa.

A halo encane - indulungu Ilanga engaba ngama-degree angaba ngu-22. Circle umbala - abomvu ngaphakathi, bese ugelezela ophuzi, white futhi ixubene yini ngesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza. Le ndawo engaphakathi umbuthano simnyama. Lakhiwa izinaliti of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona yiqhwa, endiza emoyeni. Rays amaphrizimu baphambukile i-engela 22 degrees, nalabo abaye badabula zinhlayiya, umbukeli ikhombisa ukuphambuka 22 degrees. Ngakho-ke, isikhala kwangaphakathi livela amnyama.

Red is refracted kancane, okubonisa okungenani aphambuka ilanga. Okulandelayo ziphuzi. Okunye imishayo kukhona okuxubile futhi avele ukubukeka emhlophe.

Ngokuvamile halo nge engela degrees 46, kumayelana 22 degrees ku-halo. endaweni yayo yangaphakathi futhi is ngokubomvu, ngoba ukukhanya asitholayo kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona eqhweni izinaliti, ngaphendukela kuyo ilanga ngo-90 degrees.

Akwaziwa futhi 90 degree halo, it is wavuma esikhanyayo, uye cishe akukho umbala noma ezinemibala nge ohlangothini elingaphandle abomvu. Ososayensi lolu hlobo is akukaqondakali ngokugcwele.

Halo emhlabeni inyanga nezinye izinhlobo

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa optical ngokuvamile kubonakala kahle lapho amafu esibhakabhakeni ukukhanya eziningi ezincane crystalline icicles. crystal ngamunye uhlobo nezibhebhe. Ngokuyinhloko isimo sabo - side hexagon. Khanyisa engena phambi esifundeni kanye crystal, kusale uhlangothi is refracted by 22 degrees.

Ebusika, abanye izibani emgwaqweni emoyeni abandayo, ungabona-halo. It kuvela ekukhanyeni lantern.

Halo uzungeza ilanga lingase kwakheka ukuqanda emoyeni, mini ngekhephu. Snowflakes kukhona emoyeni, ukukhanya sidlula amafu. Esikhathini kwelanga ebusuku ukukhanya bomvu. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, abantu abakholelwa ezeni abangu besishaqekile izenzakalo ezinjalo.

Halo angase abukeke njenge-umbuthano rainbow-anemibala uzungeza ilanga. Kubonakala, uma emkhathini eziningi zinhlayiya ne izinhlangothi eziyisithupha, kodwa azibonisi futhi refract imisebe ilanga. Iningi imisebe ngaleyo ndlela udlulele, zingakutholi emehlweni ethu. Ezinye izindaba zika-rays ukufinyelela sibonakale emehlweni abantu, futhi sibona umbuthano rainbow uzungeza ilanga. engaba Ezazimzungezile - cishe 22 degrees noma degrees 46.

mbumbulu ilanga

Ososayensi baye baphawula ukuthi umbuthano we-halo uhlale licace ezinhlangothini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapha kukhona halo mpo futhi enezingqimba. Ezindaweni lapho aphambana ilanga ingavela zamanga. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi lapho ilanga seliphansi eduze umkhathizwe, ngesikhathi emjikelezweni mpo, thina usabona.

ilanga mbumbulu - kubuye buyinto optical, uhlobo halo. Kubonakala ngoba ice zinhlayiya ne izinhlangothi eziyisithupha kokuba simise efana nail. zinhlayiya okunjalo ikhuphuka emkhathini ohlangothini mpo, ukukhanya refracted Eceleni kwabo ubuso.

Zingase zimiswe, nowesithathu, "ilanga", uma phezu kwelanga kuyiqiniso ubonakala kuphela ebusweni ingxenye kwesiyingi halo. Kungase kube ingxenye arc noma ibala elikhanyayo bobunjwa eziyinqaba. Ngezinye izikhathi ilanga zamanga kuxhopha kangangokuthi abakwazi zihlukaniswa ukusuka elangeni yangempela.

rainbow

Kuyinto buyinto asemkhathini optical ngesimo umbuthano akuphelele imibala ehlukene.

Izinkolo eziningi zasendulo babekholelwa Rainbow Ibhuloho bhakabhaka phansi. U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi luvela ngenxa reflection of kwelanga amathonsi. Yini buyinto optical namanje uyakwazi kujabulisa kakhulu indoda, njengoba kwenza uthingo?

Ekhulwini XVII, Descartes wafunda ubunjalo rainbow. Kamuva, Newton kwenziwe ucwaningo nge ukukhanya kwahambisana imfundiso yokuziphendukela Descartes, kodwa akakwazanga ukuqonda ukwakheka uthingo eziningana, ukungayazi kwabo leyo imibala ngabanye.

rainbow theory Okugcwele yethulwa ngo isazi sezinkanyezi XIX leminyaka olusuka eNgilandi D. Erie. Lokho wakwazi ukuba embule zonke izinqubo of the rainbow. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe samukelwa ezinsukwini zethu.

Rainbow oluvelayo uma elangeni hits umgubuzelo kwamanzi emvula endaweni kwesibhakabhaka, lobuya ilanga. Rainbow Centre itholakala ohlangothini ngemuva kwelanga, okungukuthi, akubonakali ehlweni lomuntu. I arc rainbow - iyingxenye indulungu leli phuzu emaphakathi.

Imibala e rainbow ezibekwe ngendlela ethile. He is njalo. Red - kuya phezulu, onsomi - phansi. Phakathi kwabo, imibala e ukuqondanisa esiqinile. Uthingo akanayo yonke imibala ekhona. I predominance umbala oluhlaza kubonisa kwathatha uma isimo sezulu sisihle.

aurora Polaris

Lokhu kukhanya phezulu izingqimba kazibuthe umkhathi ngenxa ukuphazamiseka kwe-solar ama-athomu umoya futhi izakhi. Ngokuvamile kukhanye abe shades oluhlaza noma blue ne Splashes pink and red. Bangathola ngesimo amakhasethi noma izindawo. spikes yabo ngokuvamile ihambisana yimisindo elikhulu.

utalagu

utalagu Simple aphambe ijwayelekile kunoma yimuphi umuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenkathi ushayela ku asphalt utalagu evuthayo imelelwa kwamanzi. Kuyinto akekho akumangazi. Yini buyinto optical uchaza ukubukeka mirages? Ake sihlole le nkinga kabanzi.

Mirage - Optical iyisici ngokomzimba emkhathini, lapho amehlo akubonayo izinto ziyafihleka umbono ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Lokhu kungenxa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ugongolo ukukhanya egeleza ngokusebenzisa izingqimba emoyeni. Izinto ngezinye ibanga elithileko, ngaleyo ndlela ongasukuma noma iwe isihlobo indawo yayo weqiniso, nangalowo Ungahlanekezelwa futhi ukuthola ukuma yinqaba.

Brocken usongo

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa, lapho ekushoneni kwelanga noma kwelanga kwelanga emthunzini umuntu phezu kwegquma iba isikali engaqondakali, njengoba ewela phezu kwamayezi kule ndawo. Lokhu kungenxa ukucabangisisa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ray ukukhanya amanzi ezimweni nenkungu. Lo mkhuba yethiwa omunye eziphakemeyo German Harz Mountains.

umlilo St Elmo

Lokhu ibhulashi elikhanyayo okwesibhakabhaka noma violet umbala masts lwemikhumbi sogu lolwandle. Izibani zingavela ezinkangala sezintaba, ku izakhiwo ukuphakama umxhwele. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa osenyameni kagesi enisemikhawulweni babashayeli ngenxa yokuthi kagesi ukungezwani iyakhula.

Lezi Kuxoxwa ekilasini 8 ekilasini imiphumela optical. Khuluma mayelana amadivayisi we-optical.

design yokukhanya

amadivaysi Optical abhekwa amadivayisi ngemisebe yokukhanya ukuguqula. Ngokuvamile lezi amadivaysi ukusebenza ukukhanya ebonakalayo.

Wonke amadivayisi optical zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili:

1. Amadivayisi lapho isithombe esikrinini. It amakhamera, amakhamera movie, namaphrojektha.
2. Amadivayisi ukuxhumana Iso lomuntu, kodwa musa yakha izithombe esibukweni. Lokhu esikhombe, isibonakhulu, isibonakude. Lezi amadivayisi abhekwa ezibukwayo.

Ikhamera - kule divayisi opto-mechanical esetshenziswa ukuthola into isithombe ifilimu. Umklamo ikhamera kufaka lens ikhamera bese yakha lens. I-lens ukhiqiza i encishisiwe isithombe nabokhulumile bento ezithwetshulwe ifilimu. Lokhu kungenxa isenzo yokukhanya.

Lesi sithombe engabonakali ekuqaleni, kodwa sibonga isixazululo kunjiniyela kuyabonakala. Lesi sithombe ubizwa ngokuthi omubi, ke izindawo elikhanyayo avele amnyama, noHezekeli. Nge ezingezinhle wenze omuhle iphepha photosensitive. Nge enlarger isithombe iyakhula.

Isikhulisi - lens noma lens uhlelo eyenzelwe izinto ezinkulu e inqubo wokubuka. Lupu ibekwe eduze iso, thatha ibanga lapho ndaba kubonakala ngokucacile. Ukusetshenziswa khulu kusekelwe ukwanda engela umbono kusukela lapho ndaba kubonakala.

Ukuze uthole kokukhulisa emincane ngaphezulu, usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu. Kulesi kudivayisi, ukwanda kungenxa izifundo uhlelo optical ehlanganisa lens kanye eyepiece. Okokuqala, i-engeli umbono lens kwandisa ke - eyepiece.

Ngakho, sabuka eyisisekelo imihlola optical kanye namadivayisi, futhi ezihlukahlukene izici.