Izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni: etafuleni

Kukhona lahlukene wesayensi ukutadisha eziyisisekelo ahlukahlukene entuthuko lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, zonke zazo ngicabange ngalo mbuzo isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, ngoba kuyinkinga eyisisekelo isayensi yemvelo. Kakhulu-paleontology ezibalulekile study izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane kakade kwezinkathi esidlule, sihlobene ngokuqondile namaphuzu ekutadisheni kwemvelo emhlabeni.

Lokhu isayensi etadisha izigaba eziyisisekelo zokuphila phezu Earth rekostruirovaniya ukubukeka, ukufana zangaphandle kanye umehluko, yokuphila komlando, izilwane ezingasekho nezitshalo, njengoba kunqunywe ngokuqondene nesikhathi okucatshangelwa ukuthi khona kohlobo. Kodwa-paleontology lalingekho njengoba isayensi ehlukile ngaphandle kwezinto eziningi abanye, vspomogayuschih, lokhu isayensi empambana wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo futhi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kuthiwa ukusungulwa ngosizo eyala efana:

• nokwakheka zomlando;
• stratigraphy;
• yasendulo;
• anatomy ngokuqhathanisa;
• paleoclimatology nabanye abaningi.

Basuke bonke oxhumene, ngaphandle umuntu akakwazi nhlobo.

isikhathi geological

Ukugqamisa izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, kumele ube umbono mayelana umqondo ezifana isikhathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. kanjani abantu bakwazile ukwaba ezinye izigaba zesikhashana? Lonke imfihlo itholakala cwaningo yamadwala. Iqiniso lokuthi emadwaleni ihlangabezane esikhathini sakamuva, esikhulu phezu nalezo ezazikhona ngaphambili. Futhi kwangathi engu-lezi izingqimba zimisele ngokutadisha izinsiza okwesikhathi bahlale kuzo.

Phakathi kwabo bonke labo ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo ivelele okuthiwa imithombo zokuphatha, okuyizinto eziningi kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo. Ngeshwa, ukusebenzisa emadwaleni awukwazi ukuhlela ubudala ngokuphelele, kodwa lapha ososayensi abayeki, kokuthola ulwazi rock mlilo. Njengoba wazi, bevela magma. Futhi waqokomisa izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila emhlabeni.

Kafushane ohlelweni lokunquma engu ngokuphelele yamadwala wentaba-mlilo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: amatshe igneous ziqukethe ezinye izakhi, uma sichaza okuqukethwe edwaleni, kungenzeka ukunquma yobudala ngokuphelele yamadwala ngokunembile. Yiqiniso, kungase kube namaphutha, kodwa musa idlule amaphesenti amahlanu. kunqunywa Ngaphezu kwalokho futhi engu-iplanethi yethu, zonke ososayensi banomuzwa izinombolo zayo, kodwa ukubaluleka olwamukelwa kuyinto sekuyiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu ezinhlanu. Manje khetha izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, etafuleni kuyoba kithi kulokhu umsizi omuhle.

Era, inkathi nezikhathi

Zonke kwezazi izinyathelo ezinhlanu noma, ngamanye amazwi, AD, ngasinye sazo izingxenye izinkathi, zonke aqukethe ubudala, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo - zekhulu. Archean futhi Proterozoic inkathi - lena ezikhathini zasendulo impela, ezihlanganisa ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu eminyakeni. Ziyakwazi ehlukile ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo nezitshalo eziyinhlabathi avele "Inkathi ukuphila lasendulo", kumnandi kunokuhlala eminyakeni million, anamakhulu mathathu. Okulandelayo iyona "Inkathi phakathi ukuphila", the Mesozoic (iminyaka eyikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu wezigidi), izici zalo ehlukile - ukuthuthukiswa ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, ezincelisayo, izitshalo, kokubili zom futhi angiosperms.

Okwamuva, yesihlanu, inkathi - the Cenozoic, njengoba ibizwa "inkathi impilo entsha," waqala eminyakeni million ayisikhombisa edlule, futhi manje siphila kuso. Le nkathi is libhekene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ezincelisayo kanye nomhlaba obhekwe indoda. Manje siye adiliza izigaba ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni Kafushane, siphakamisa ukuba sicabangele ngayinye ngokwehlukana inkathi.

inkathi archean

Lesi sigaba ihlanganisa inkathi ezintathu namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kwezigidi eziyisithupha eyikhulu edlule. Ingxenye idwala sedimentary esenzelwa ngokusebenzisa medium aqueous izinhlayiya wahlala e-Afrika, Greenland, Australia nase-Asia. Bonke aqukethe:

• carbon biogenic;
• stromatolite;
• microfossils.

Kulokhu, umsuka yesibili esikhathini esinikeziwe Akucaci, isibonelo, kule Proterozoic zihlotshaniswa cyanobacteria. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi Archean bonke eziphilayo iphathwa ukuze prokaryotes, futhi umthombo umoya-mpilo wakhonza njengephayona sulfate, nitrate, nitrites, nokunye. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni sifana isikhutha amafilimu, ikakhulukazi etholakala ezansi kwamadamu okugcina amanzi ezindaweni mlilo.

inkathi proterozoic

Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kule nkathi libuye izingxenye izinkathi, lapho kukhona ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu isikhathi eside kunabo bonke emlandweni wethu (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili). Uma sicabanga umngcele kwenkathi Archean bese ngalesi sikhathi, iplanethi yethu ishintshile kakhulu, ukuphinde sihambise bemhlaba nemanti izikhala. Umhlaba emelelwa ice ehlane, kodwa ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi okuqukethwe oxygen kwafinyelela kumaphesenti angu elilodwa, okwasiza esimeme ophilayo unicellular eziphilayo, ulwelwe nama-bacterium wazivelela.

Ekupheleni kwe-Proterozoic kwakhiwa izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, le nkathi futhi waziwa ngokuthi "engu-jellyfish." Esikhundleni owodwa iseli izinto eziphilayo ukuze ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuza qualitatively ukushintsha umkhathi, okuyinto enomthelela ekuthuthukiseni eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Paleozoic

Kuhlanganisa amaningi njengoba eziyisithupha ezithiwa, engxenyeni yokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-ekuqaleni Paleozoic, kanti eyesibili - ngasekupheleni. Ukutholakala kwesifo ekuqaleni kanye Late Paleozoic flora ezahlukene ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala kwemvelo usukela kuphela emhlabeni ngaphansi kwamanzi, komnikazi izwe laqala kuphela Devonian, okuyinto luhlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni Paleozoic.

Inkathi Mesozoic

Manje sifika kwenkathi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, ukuphila ezilapho ongaqondakali, ivela iminyaka eyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu million. Njengoba singabona kusukela etafuleni, yena, futhi, ihlukaniswe yaba izinkathi ezintathu. Chalk, kuqhathaniswa Jurassic futhi triasovskim, elide (iminyaka eyizigidi ayisikhombisa nanye).

Kepha isimo sezulu, konke kuncike indawo amazwekazi. Ngokungafani sezulu yethu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi:

• kwaba ufudumele ngaphandle yesimanje;
• kwakungekho umehluko lokushisa phakathi yenkabazwe nezigxobo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya zinomswakama aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha izinto eziphilayo.

Uma uya ku-nezilwane, iqembu esiyingqayizivele kunazo - ukubona izibankwakazi. Bona esesikhundleni evelele phezu nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila sibonga isakhiwo umzimba, idatha bokuphila impendulo.

Ngakho, kudingeka sihlole umbuzo yiziphi izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, siye sabona izigaba ezinhlanu. Ukuqedela isithombe luhlala ukucabangela isinyathelo. Sinikeza ukuqala manje.

inkathi Cainozoic

Lena inkathi entsha, okuyinto Uthatha kuze kube yilolu suku. Amazwekazi ngiye ngazuza a look zanamuhla, wanyamalala izibankwakazi zokugcina Emhlabeni ubuswa zezitshalo nezilwane, okuyinto ujwayelene kakhulu kithi. Sibukeze izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kafushane, badiliza zonke izinyathelo eceleni, sizibeka umgomo abayifunayo.